Question 1

The exemplar approach to semantic memory is especially relevant

Accepted Answer

A)  when you want to emphasize how various concepts are related to each other. 
B)  when the categories are very fluid and not very clearly defined. 
C)  when all of the items are low-frequency nouns. 
D)  when a category has a relatively small number of members. 
A)  when you want to emphasize how various concepts are related to each other. 
B)  when the categories are very fluid and not very clearly defined. 
C)  when all of the items are low-frequency nouns. 
D)  when a category has a relatively small number of members. D

Question 2

Psychologists have conducted research on implicit measures of gender stereotyping. This research shows that people typically respond in a stereotyped fashion

Accepted Answer

A)  on a measure of event-related potential and on the Implicit Association Test. 
B)  on a measure of event-related potential, but not on the Implicit Association Test. 
C)  on the Implicit Association Test, but not on a measure of event-related potential. 
D)  on neither a measure of event-related potential nor on the Implicit Association Test. 
A)  on a measure of event-related potential and on the Implicit Association Test. 
B)  on a measure of event-related potential, but not on the Implicit Association Test. 
C)  on the Implicit Association Test, but not on a measure of event-related potential. 
D)  on neither a measure of event-related potential nor on the Implicit Association Test. A

Question 3

According to the research on scripts,

Accepted Answer

A)  the structure of a script is very similar to the structure of a prototype. 
B)  scripts do not seem to have a specific chronological structure. 
C)  a person's recall is enhanced if a script is identified at the beginning of a description. 
D)  experts and novices have similar understanding of a script's structure. 
A)  the structure of a script is very similar to the structure of a prototype. 
B)  scripts do not seem to have a specific chronological structure. 
C)  a person's recall is enhanced if a script is identified at the beginning of a description. 
D)  experts and novices have similar understanding of a script's structure. C

Question 4

If you are buying concert tickets at a box office, there are certain procedures and interactions that occur in a standard fashion. This sequence of events is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  a script. 
B)  parallel distributed processing. 
C)  family resemblance. 
D)  an inference. 
A)  a script. 
B)  parallel distributed processing. 
C)  family resemblance. 
D)  an inference.

Question 5

Which concept can help to explain stereotyping?

Accepted Answer

A)  Exemplars 
B)  Priming 
C)  Spontaneous generalization 
D)  Connection weights 
A)  Exemplars 
B)  Priming 
C)  Spontaneous generalization 
D)  Connection weights

Question 6

Suppose you meet someone, and you can recall both her face and her name, but you cannot recall exactly where you first met her. In terms of parallel distributed processing, this phenomenon would be called

Accepted Answer

A)  graceful degradation. 
B)  reassignment of connection weights. 
C)  spontaneous generalization. 
D)  a default assignment. 
A)  graceful degradation. 
B)  reassignment of connection weights. 
C)  spontaneous generalization. 
D)  a default assignment.

Question 7

According to John Anderson's theories of semantic memory and other aspects of cognitive processes,

Accepted Answer

A)  each of the components of cognition operates independently. 
B)  every concept in a proposition can be represented by a network of connections. 
C)  the term spreading activation refers to our knowledge about facts and things. 
D)  each item in semantic memory is listed according to its appropriate graded structure. 
A)  each of the components of cognition operates independently. 
B)  every concept in a proposition can be represented by a network of connections. 
C)  the term spreading activation refers to our knowledge about facts and things. 
D)  each item in semantic memory is listed according to its appropriate graded structure.

Question 8

According to the network models of semantic memory,

Accepted Answer

A)  activation expands from the node that has been activated, extending outward to other related nodes. 
B)  only a small number of nodes are connected with other nodes 
C)  nonprototypes are just as important as prototypes. 
D)  each item is compared with a prototype to determine the category to which it belongs. 
A)  activation expands from the node that has been activated, extending outward to other related nodes. 
B)  only a small number of nodes are connected with other nodes 
C)  nonprototypes are just as important as prototypes. 
D)  each item is compared with a prototype to determine the category to which it belongs.

Question 9

Which of the following students provides the best description for how John Anderson's model of semantic memory accounts for our long-term learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Xianming: "By practicing, we can strengthen the links between two concepts." 
B)  Joan: "Working memory has a capacity that is potentially unlimited; learning basically increases the capacity of working memory." 
C)  Tashica: "If many links are activated at the same time, each of these links is greatly strengthened-even more than if only one link is activated." 
D)  Dan: "Through learning, our exemplars become increasingly strengthened." 
A)  Xianming: "By practicing, we can strengthen the links between two concepts." 
B)  Joan: "Working memory has a capacity that is potentially unlimited; learning basically increases the capacity of working memory." 
C)  Tashica: "If many links are activated at the same time, each of these links is greatly strengthened-even more than if only one link is activated." 
D)  Dan: "Through learning, our exemplars become increasingly strengthened."

Question 10

People are especially likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when

Accepted Answer

A)  this material is ordinary and routine. 
B)  this material flows naturally from the earlier material 
C)  this material is not relevant for people's lives. 
D)  this material is surprising. 
A)  this material is ordinary and routine. 
B)  this material flows naturally from the earlier material 
C)  this material is not relevant for people's lives. 
D)  this material is surprising.

Question 11

In the name parallel distributed processing approach, the word distributed refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  the distribution of information across many locations in the brain. 
B)  the distribution of attention while processing memorable material. 
C)  spontaneous generalization, or remembering material that was not initially learned. 
D)  the simultaneous processing of several ideas. 
A)  the distribution of information across many locations in the brain. 
B)  the distribution of attention while processing memorable material. 
C)  spontaneous generalization, or remembering material that was not initially learned. 
D)  the simultaneous processing of several ideas.

Question 12

According to the discussion of schemas in Chapter 8,

Accepted Answer

A)  a schema applies to your generalized knowledge, such as knowledge about how to register for classes at your college. 
B)  a schema can be divided into smaller units of knowledge, called "scripts." 
C)  each person in a particular culture has a schema for an everyday event that is very different from other people's schemas for that event. 
D)  in most cases, a schema can be directly converted to an exemplar. 
A)  a schema applies to your generalized knowledge, such as knowledge about how to register for classes at your college. 
B)  a schema can be divided into smaller units of knowledge, called "scripts." 
C)  each person in a particular culture has a schema for an everyday event that is very different from other people's schemas for that event. 
D)  in most cases, a schema can be directly converted to an exemplar.

Question 13

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the prototype approach to semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elisabeth: "People store an abstract representation of each basic-level category." 
B)  Lester: "The prototype approach applies only to inanimate objects." 
C)  Horatio: "The data on the semantic-priming effect are not consistent with the prototype approach." 
D)  Joni: "Superordinate terms tend to activate different regions of the cortex from the regions activated by basic-level terms." 
A)  Elisabeth: "People store an abstract representation of each basic-level category." 
B)  Lester: "The prototype approach applies only to inanimate objects." 
C)  Horatio: "The data on the semantic-priming effect are not consistent with the prototype approach." 
D)  Joni: "Superordinate terms tend to activate different regions of the cortex from the regions activated by basic-level terms."

Question 14

The exemplar approach to semantic memory proposes that

Accepted Answer

A)  exemplars are stored at the basic level; nonexemplars are stored at the subordinate level. 
B)  an exemplar is an idealized example of a category, derived by taking an average of the members of that category. 
C)  experts make better use of exemplars, whereas novices make better use of prototypes. 
D)  we store a number of examples for each concept; to classify a new stimulus, we compare it with this set of examples. 
A)  exemplars are stored at the basic level; nonexemplars are stored at the subordinate level. 
B)  an exemplar is an idealized example of a category, derived by taking an average of the members of that category. 
C)  experts make better use of exemplars, whereas novices make better use of prototypes. 
D)  we store a number of examples for each concept; to classify a new stimulus, we compare it with this set of examples.

Question 15

"Marie received seven presents at her birthday party. The stuffed elephant was her favorite gift." If you believe that one of the seven presents that Marie received was, in fact, a stuffed elephant, you have made

Accepted Answer

A)  an attribution error. 
B)  an inference. 
C)  an episodic mistake. 
D)  a script. 
A)  an attribution error. 
B)  an inference. 
C)  an episodic mistake. 
D)  a script.

Question 16

In the parallel distributed processing approach, the concept called "spontaneous generalization" means that

Accepted Answer

A)  the connection weights determine the level of activation that is passed between the nodes in a network. 
B)  we make generalizations, based on a fairly large number of exemplars. 
C)  we can use individual cases to draw conclusions about some general information. 
D)  experts store information in nodes, whereas novices store them in individual neurons. 
A)  the connection weights determine the level of activation that is passed between the nodes in a network. 
B)  we make generalizations, based on a fairly large number of exemplars. 
C)  we can use individual cases to draw conclusions about some general information. 
D)  experts store information in nodes, whereas novices store them in individual neurons.

Question 17

In explaining semantic memory, the parallel distributed processing approach

Accepted Answer

A)  argues that we consider an item's attributes one at a time. 
B)  points out that we can often identify an object, even if one of the clues to that object's identification is incorrect. 
C)  proposes that human memory is more rigid than previous theories have suggested. 
D)  emphasizes that the mind works in a linear fashion, moving from a stimulus to a response. 
A)  argues that we consider an item's attributes one at a time. 
B)  points out that we can often identify an object, even if one of the clues to that object's identification is incorrect. 
C)  proposes that human memory is more rigid than previous theories have suggested. 
D)  emphasizes that the mind works in a linear fashion, moving from a stimulus to a response.

Question 18

Researchers have conducted studies about memory for inferences related to gender stereotypes. According to tests that assess explicit memory,

Accepted Answer

A)  people actually remember a greater percentage of items that are the opposite of the common gender stereotype. 
B)  people take the pragmatic approach in processing the material, and they recall the exact wording of the original material. 
C)  in the current era, people apparently no longer hold gender stereotypes. 
D)  people tend to recall gender-stereotyped material somewhat better than nonstereotyped material. 
A)  people actually remember a greater percentage of items that are the opposite of the common gender stereotype. 
B)  people take the pragmatic approach in processing the material, and they recall the exact wording of the original material. 
C)  in the current era, people apparently no longer hold gender stereotypes. 
D)  people tend to recall gender-stereotyped material somewhat better than nonstereotyped material.

Question 19

Suppose that you hear that Dr. Angela Smith is a clinical psychologist who uses schema therapy. You would expect that she is likely to work with clients by

Accepted Answer

A)  figuring out some helpful new schemas that can replace harmful schemas that they had learned in the past. 
B)  asking them to listen to a series of words, each time supplying a word that is consistent with a schema. 
C)  trying to classify each person's psychological disorder according to a carefully developed set of schemas. 
D)  encouraging them to classify a series of ambiguous images. 
A)  figuring out some helpful new schemas that can replace harmful schemas that they had learned in the past. 
B)  asking them to listen to a series of words, each time supplying a word that is consistent with a schema. 
C)  trying to classify each person's psychological disorder according to a carefully developed set of schemas. 
D)  encouraging them to classify a series of ambiguous images.

Question 20

Suppose that you attend a lecture in which a psychologist says, "Memory is created by gathering together and integrating information from a variety of sources. After a memory has been formed, we cannot accurately recall the source of each memory component." This speaker would be most likely to endorse the ______________ view of memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  constructive 
B)  boundary-extension 
C)  exemplar 
D)  pragmatic 
A)  constructive 
B)  boundary-extension 
C)  exemplar 
D)  pragmatic

The exemplar approach to semantic memory is especially relevant

Psychologists have conducted research on implicit measures of gender stereotyping. This research shows that people typically respond in a stereotyped fashion

According to the research on scripts,

If you are buying concert tickets at a box office, there are certain procedures and interactions that occur in a standard fashion. This sequence of events is known as

Which concept can help to explain stereotyping?

Suppose you meet someone, and you can recall both her face and her name, but you cannot recall exactly where you first met her. In terms of parallel distributed processing, this phenomenon would be called

According to John Anderson's theories of semantic memory and other aspects of cognitive processes,

According to the network models of semantic memory,

Which of the following students provides the best description for how John Anderson's model of semantic memory accounts for our long-term learning?

People are especially likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when

In the name parallel distributed processing approach, the word distributed refers to

According to the discussion of schemas in Chapter 8,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the prototype approach to semantic memory?

The exemplar approach to semantic memory proposes that

"Marie received seven presents at her birthday party. The stuffed elephant was her favorite gift." If you believe that one of the seven presents that Marie received was, in fact, a stuffed elephant, you have made

In the parallel distributed processing approach, the concept called "spontaneous generalization" means that

In explaining semantic memory, the parallel distributed processing approach

Researchers have conducted studies about memory for inferences related to gender stereotypes. According to tests that assess explicit memory,

Suppose that you hear that Dr. Angela Smith is a clinical psychologist who uses schema therapy. You would expect that she is likely to work with clients by

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 8: General Knowledge

The exemplar approach to semantic memory is especially relevant

Psychologists have conducted research on implicit measures of gender stereotyping. This research shows that people typically respond in a stereotyped fashion

According to the research on scripts,

If you are buying concert tickets at a box office, there are certain procedures and interactions that occur in a standard fashion. This sequence of events is known as

Which concept can help to explain stereotyping?

Suppose you meet someone, and you can recall both her face and her name, but you cannot recall exactly where you first met her. In terms of parallel distributed processing, this phenomenon would be called

According to John Anderson's theories of semantic memory and other aspects of cognitive processes,

According to the network models of semantic memory,

Which of the following students provides the best description for how John Anderson's model of semantic memory accounts for our long-term learning?

People are especially likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when

In the name parallel distributed processing approach, the word distributed refers to

According to the discussion of schemas in Chapter 8,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the prototype approach to semantic memory?

The exemplar approach to semantic memory proposes that

"Marie received seven presents at her birthday party. The stuffed elephant was her favorite gift." If you believe that one of the seven presents that Marie received was, in fact, a stuffed elephant, you have made

In the parallel distributed processing approach, the concept called "spontaneous generalization" means that

In explaining semantic memory, the parallel distributed processing approach

Researchers have conducted studies about memory for inferences related to gender stereotypes. According to tests that assess explicit memory,

Suppose that you hear that Dr. Angela Smith is a clinical psychologist who uses schema therapy. You would expect that she is likely to work with clients by

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters