Question 1

English is more challenging than many other world languages because:

Accepted Answer

A)  English words are much longer. 
B)  English grammar is more challenging. 
C)  English words are more difficult to recognize when they are spoken. 
D)  English words have a greater number of irregular pronunciations. 
A)  English words are much longer. 
B)  English grammar is more challenging. 
C)  English words are more difficult to recognize when they are spoken. 
D)  English words have a greater number of irregular pronunciations. D

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true about children's reading comprehension skills?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children have the appropriate skills for metacomprehension at an early age. 
B)  Reading skills improve when children try to relate the text to nearby photos. 
C)  Older children, teenagers and adults can think about their reading and listening strategies in order to improve them. 
D)  Once children reach middle school, it is too late to begin to teach metacomprehension strategies. 
A)  Children have the appropriate skills for metacomprehension at an early age. 
B)  Reading skills improve when children try to relate the text to nearby photos. 
C)  Older children, teenagers and adults can think about their reading and listening strategies in order to improve them. 
D)  Once children reach middle school, it is too late to begin to teach metacomprehension strategies. C

Question 3

When processing language, we begin making judgments about what the sentence means before we have heard (or read) the entire sentence. This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  passive voicing. 
B)  lexical ambiguity. 
C)  incremental interpretation. 
D)  transformation. 
A)  passive voicing. 
B)  lexical ambiguity. 
C)  incremental interpretation. 
D)  transformation. C

Question 4

A key point in Noam Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on

Accepted Answer

A)  how children learn language by operant conditioning. 
B)  how each language in the world has its own unique set of rules about syntax. 
C)  how humans have language skills that are inborn. 
D)  how language is closely connected with other cognitive skills. 
A)  how children learn language by operant conditioning. 
B)  how each language in the world has its own unique set of rules about syntax. 
C)  how humans have language skills that are inborn. 
D)  how language is closely connected with other cognitive skills.

Question 5

According to the good-enough processing approach,

Accepted Answer

A)  we frequently process only part of a sentence. 
B)  we initially process only one meaning of an ambiguous word. 
C)  we frequently misinterpret sentences because we misrepresent syntactical ambiguities. 
D)  people work hard to create the most accurate, detailed interpretation of every sentence that they read or hear. 
A)  we frequently process only part of a sentence. 
B)  we initially process only one meaning of an ambiguous word. 
C)  we frequently misinterpret sentences because we misrepresent syntactical ambiguities. 
D)  people work hard to create the most accurate, detailed interpretation of every sentence that they read or hear.

Question 6

In contrast to spoken language, written language is more likely

Accepted Answer

A)  to be spread out across time. 
B)  to allow re-scanning of the input. 
C)  to be supplemented by nonverbal cues. 
D)  to reveal a continuous flow of input, without discrete boundaries between the units. 
A)  to be spread out across time. 
B)  to allow re-scanning of the input. 
C)  to be supplemented by nonverbal cues. 
D)  to reveal a continuous flow of input, without discrete boundaries between the units.

Question 7

Neurolinguists have demonstrated that _________ is active when people complete a Stroop task, and also when people process syntactically ambiguous sentences.

Accepted Answer

A)  Wernicke's area 
B)  Broca's area 
C)  the right temporal lobe 
D)  the right frontal lobe 
A)  Wernicke's area 
B)  Broca's area 
C)  the right temporal lobe 
D)  the right frontal lobe

Question 8

In a self-paced reading task, participants read either Sentence A: "The teacher that criticized the student apologized" or Sentence B: "The teacher that the student criticized apologized." Because of the more complex syntax, participants who read Sentence B should show greater reaction time than participants who read Sentence A to which of the following words?

Accepted Answer

A)  teacher 
B)  criticized 
C)  student 
D)  apologized 
A)  teacher 
B)  criticized 
C)  student 
D)  apologized

Question 9

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about neurolinguistics research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Augusto: "In right-handed people, language is processed almost exclusively by the right hemisphere." 
B)  Heidi: "Right-handed people and left-handed people show very similar patterns of hemispheric specialization." 
C)  Esther: "Virtually all language tasks are performed by the left hemisphere of the brain; the right hemisphere does not play a substantial role in language processing." 
D)  Laura: "The left hemisphere handles most language tasks, but the right hemisphere processes some abstract components." 
A)  Augusto: "In right-handed people, language is processed almost exclusively by the right hemisphere." 
B)  Heidi: "Right-handed people and left-handed people show very similar patterns of hemispheric specialization." 
C)  Esther: "Virtually all language tasks are performed by the left hemisphere of the brain; the right hemisphere does not play a substantial role in language processing." 
D)  Laura: "The left hemisphere handles most language tasks, but the right hemisphere processes some abstract components."

Question 10

________ refers to how we combine morphemes into words, whereas ________ refers to how we organize words into sentences.

Accepted Answer

A)  morphology; syntax 
B)  pragmatics; syntax 
C)  syntax; morphology 
D)  syntax; grammar 
A)  morphology; syntax 
B)  pragmatics; syntax 
C)  syntax; morphology 
D)  syntax; grammar

Question 11

The constructionist view of discourse comprehension is most likely to emphasize

Accepted Answer

A)  a character's emotions and motivations. 
B)  the meaning of each sentence, rather than inferences. 
C)  the phonemes represented in the text. 
D)  the fact that readers typically use a shallow level of processing. 
A)  a character's emotions and motivations. 
B)  the meaning of each sentence, rather than inferences. 
C)  the phonemes represented in the text. 
D)  the fact that readers typically use a shallow level of processing.

Question 12

Which of the following students provides the most widely accepted perspective on word recognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Irving: "Beginning readers typically use the direct-access route; mature readers typically use the indirect-access route." 
B)  Isidoro: "Readers of all skill levels typically use the direct-access route. 
C)  Anna: "Beginning readers are likely to operate according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; mature readers consistently use the direct-access route." 
D)  Jeanne: "Most theorists acknowledge that the dual-route explanation of reading is most consistent with the research." 
A)  Irving: "Beginning readers typically use the direct-access route; mature readers typically use the indirect-access route." 
B)  Isidoro: "Readers of all skill levels typically use the direct-access route. 
C)  Anna: "Beginning readers are likely to operate according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; mature readers consistently use the direct-access route." 
D)  Jeanne: "Most theorists acknowledge that the dual-route explanation of reading is most consistent with the research."

Question 13

Leslie is participating in an experiment in which she presses the spacebar on a computer keyboard in order to see one word of a sentence at a time. Her reaction time to process each individual word is measured. This procedure is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A)  self-paced reading task. 
B)  off-line language processing task. 
C)  lexical masking task. 
D)  syntactic processing task. 
A)  self-paced reading task. 
B)  off-line language processing task. 
C)  lexical masking task. 
D)  syntactic processing task.

Question 14

According to the research on the indirect-access route in reading,

Accepted Answer

A)  readers cannot translate visual stimuli into sounds unless they have the benefit of context. 
B)  children who can identify sounds in a word are likely to earn high scores on standardized reading tests. 
C)  training in semantic skills is just as likely as training in phoneme skills to improve children's ability to identify words. 
D)  in general, children's reading skills are somewhat poorer if they have been trained in phonics skills. 
A)  readers cannot translate visual stimuli into sounds unless they have the benefit of context. 
B)  children who can identify sounds in a word are likely to earn high scores on standardized reading tests. 
C)  training in semantic skills is just as likely as training in phoneme skills to improve children's ability to identify words. 
D)  in general, children's reading skills are somewhat poorer if they have been trained in phonics skills.

Question 15

Which of the following topics would be most relevant for a psychologist who favors the cognitive-functional approach to language?

Accepted Answer

A)  What kind of cues do listeners pick up on when determining whether a speaker is very enthusiastic about an idea, rather than just mildly enthusiastic? 
B)  What kinds of rules do people use when they want to determine the deep structure of an ambiguous sentence? 
C)  What is the function of each of the language areas of the brain, with respect to reading a question and formulating an answer? 
D)  When do listeners take a modular approach to language, and when do they integrate language with other cognitive processes (e.g., memory and problem solving)? 
A)  What kind of cues do listeners pick up on when determining whether a speaker is very enthusiastic about an idea, rather than just mildly enthusiastic? 
B)  What kinds of rules do people use when they want to determine the deep structure of an ambiguous sentence? 
C)  What is the function of each of the language areas of the brain, with respect to reading a question and formulating an answer? 
D)  When do listeners take a modular approach to language, and when do they integrate language with other cognitive processes (e.g., memory and problem solving)?

Question 16

When readers use the direct-access route to recognizing written words,

Accepted Answer

A)  they learn to distinguish between a letter's distinctive features and its characteristic sound. 
B)  they translate the visual stimuli into sound before locating a word's meaning. 
C)  they recognize each word's syntactic function before they recognize its meaning. 
D)  they recognize a word from the visual stimulus without having to translate first into sound. 
A)  they learn to distinguish between a letter's distinctive features and its characteristic sound. 
B)  they translate the visual stimuli into sound before locating a word's meaning. 
C)  they recognize each word's syntactic function before they recognize its meaning. 
D)  they recognize a word from the visual stimulus without having to translate first into sound.

Question 17

Which of the following students provides the best summary about teaching metacomprehension skills?

Accepted Answer

A)  Martina: "The research suggests that teachers should encourage metacomprehension skills, beginning in first grade." 
B)  Johnny: "If students reach college without learning metacomprehension skills, it's probably too late for them to master these techniques." 
C)  Souren: "Educators are now developing programs to teach metacomprehension skills to students before they reach high school. 
D)  Suzanne: "The research suggests that children already know metacomprehension skills, if they initially learned to read using the phonics method." 
A)  Martina: "The research suggests that teachers should encourage metacomprehension skills, beginning in first grade." 
B)  Johnny: "If students reach college without learning metacomprehension skills, it's probably too late for them to master these techniques." 
C)  Souren: "Educators are now developing programs to teach metacomprehension skills to students before they reach high school. 
D)  Suzanne: "The research suggests that children already know metacomprehension skills, if they initially learned to read using the phonics method."

Question 18

Suppose that a friend asks you, "Is it true that the left hemisphere of the brain handles all language processing tasks?" Your response should be,

Accepted Answer

A)  "Yes, because research shows that the right hemisphere processes spatial information, rather than linguistic information." 
B)  "No, because the current research shows that both hemispheres are equally important in processing language." 
C)  "Sort of, because the left hemisphere handles syntax and semantics, whereas, the right hemisphere handles speech perception." 
D)  "Sort of, because the left hemisphere typically handles a majority of language processing for most people, but the right hemisphere is important in interpreting abstract information." 
A)  "Yes, because research shows that the right hemisphere processes spatial information, rather than linguistic information." 
B)  "No, because the current research shows that both hemispheres are equally important in processing language." 
C)  "Sort of, because the left hemisphere handles syntax and semantics, whereas, the right hemisphere handles speech perception." 
D)  "Sort of, because the left hemisphere typically handles a majority of language processing for most people, but the right hemisphere is important in interpreting abstract information."

Question 19

According to the introductory discussion of the reading process,

Accepted Answer

A)  reading appears to be a modular process. 
B)  the average adult reads at the rate of about 100 words per minute. 
C)  reading is a process that relies on a variety of other cognitive skills. 
D)  most people can introspect accurately about the cognitive processes required when they read an isolated sentence. 
A)  reading appears to be a modular process. 
B)  the average adult reads at the rate of about 100 words per minute. 
C)  reading is a process that relies on a variety of other cognitive skills. 
D)  most people can introspect accurately about the cognitive processes required when they read an isolated sentence.

Question 20

Imagine that you are listening to a reading researcher, who is discussing the approach that should use for elementary school children in the United States. Which of the following arguments are you most likely to hear?

Accepted Answer

A)  "The phonics approach is best because it is most likely to encourage children's motivation." 
B)  "The whole-word approach is best because English has a close correspondence between a word's spelling and its sound." 
C)  "Neither the phonics nor the whole-word approach is effective, so the reading teachers are searching for a new approach." 
D)  "The phonics and the whole-word approach should be combined, because each approach provides some benefits." 
A)  "The phonics approach is best because it is most likely to encourage children's motivation." 
B)  "The whole-word approach is best because English has a close correspondence between a word's spelling and its sound." 
C)  "Neither the phonics nor the whole-word approach is effective, so the reading teachers are searching for a new approach." 
D)  "The phonics and the whole-word approach should be combined, because each approach provides some benefits."

English is more challenging than many other world languages because:

Which of the following statements is true about children's reading comprehension skills?

When processing language, we begin making judgments about what the sentence means before we have heard (or read) the entire sentence. This is referred to as

A key point in Noam Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on

According to the good-enough processing approach,

In contrast to spoken language, written language is more likely

Neurolinguists have demonstrated that _________ is active when people complete a Stroop task, and also when people process syntactically ambiguous sentences.

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about neurolinguistics research?

refers to how we combine morphemes into words, whereas refers to how we organize words into sentences.

The constructionist view of discourse comprehension is most likely to emphasize

Which of the following students provides the most widely accepted perspective on word recognition?

Leslie is participating in an experiment in which she presses the spacebar on a computer keyboard in order to see one word of a sentence at a time. Her reaction time to process each individual word is measured. This procedure is an example of a

According to the research on the indirect-access route in reading,

Which of the following topics would be most relevant for a psychologist who favors the cognitive-functional approach to language?

When readers use the direct-access route to recognizing written words,

Which of the following students provides the best summary about teaching metacomprehension skills?

Suppose that a friend asks you, "Is it true that the left hemisphere of the brain handles all language processing tasks?" Your response should be,

According to the introductory discussion of the reading process,

Imagine that you are listening to a reading researcher, who is discussing the approach that should use for elementary school children in the United States. Which of the following arguments are you most likely to hear?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 9: Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

English is more challenging than many other world languages because:

Which of the following statements is true about children's reading comprehension skills?

When processing language, we begin making judgments about what the sentence means before we have heard (or read) the entire sentence. This is referred to as

A key point in Noam Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on

According to the good-enough processing approach,

In contrast to spoken language, written language is more likely

Neurolinguists have demonstrated that _________ is active when people complete a Stroop task, and also when people process syntactically ambiguous sentences.

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about neurolinguistics research?

________ refers to how we combine morphemes into words, whereas ________ refers to how we organize words into sentences.

The constructionist view of discourse comprehension is most likely to emphasize

Which of the following students provides the most widely accepted perspective on word recognition?

Leslie is participating in an experiment in which she presses the spacebar on a computer keyboard in order to see one word of a sentence at a time. Her reaction time to process each individual word is measured. This procedure is an example of a

According to the research on the indirect-access route in reading,

Which of the following topics would be most relevant for a psychologist who favors the cognitive-functional approach to language?

When readers use the direct-access route to recognizing written words,

Which of the following students provides the best summary about teaching metacomprehension skills?

Suppose that a friend asks you, "Is it true that the left hemisphere of the brain handles all language processing tasks?" Your response should be,

According to the introductory discussion of the reading process,

Imagine that you are listening to a reading researcher, who is discussing the approach that should use for elementary school children in the United States. Which of the following arguments are you most likely to hear?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

refers to how we combine morphemes into words, whereas refers to how we organize words into sentences.