Question 1

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  When material is processed in the phonological loop, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
B)  When material is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
C)  The central executive has several component processes, including the task of resolving acoustic confusions. 
D)  This research suggests that the phonological loop plays a relatively minor role in working memory. 
A)  When material is processed in the phonological loop, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
B)  When material is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad, similar-sounding items can be confused with one another. 
C)  The central executive has several component processes, including the task of resolving acoustic confusions. 
D)  This research suggests that the phonological loop plays a relatively minor role in working memory. A

Question 2

According to the discussion at the beginning of the chapter on working memory (Chapter 4),

Accepted Answer

A)  most psychologists now believe that working memory has an unlimited capacity. 
B)  working memory allows you to keep information accessible so that you can use it on a variety of current tasks. 
C)  psychologists now agree that working memory and long-term memory have very different functions. 
D)  working memory is the brief storage period prior to short-term memory in the classical information-processing models. 
A)  most psychologists now believe that working memory has an unlimited capacity. 
B)  working memory allows you to keep information accessible so that you can use it on a variety of current tasks. 
C)  psychologists now agree that working memory and long-term memory have very different functions. 
D)  working memory is the brief storage period prior to short-term memory in the classical information-processing models. B

Question 3

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

Accepted Answer

A)  The research on release from proactive interference 
B)  Complex computer simulations 
C)  Modeling using the parallel distributed processing approach 
D)  Research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time 
A)  The research on release from proactive interference 
B)  Complex computer simulations 
C)  Modeling using the parallel distributed processing approach 
D)  Research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time D

Question 4

Amy recently saw a Broadway musical. As she listens to the soundtrack in her car a few days later, she forms clear visual images of the scenes from the show. This may cause her to experience difficulty driving, because of the limited capacity of her

Accepted Answer

A)  central executive. 
B)  visuospatial sketchpad 
C)  phonological loop. 
D)  episodic buffer. 
A)  central executive. 
B)  visuospatial sketchpad 
C)  phonological loop. 
D)  episodic buffer.

Question 5

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

Accepted Answer

A)  the episodic buffer. 
B)  the central executive. 
C)  the visuospatial sketchpad. 
D)  the phonological loop. 
A)  the episodic buffer. 
B)  the central executive. 
C)  the visuospatial sketchpad. 
D)  the phonological loop.

Question 6

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

Accepted Answer

A)  visual tasks typically activate the right hemisphere, whereas spatial tasks typically activate the left hemisphere. 
B)  visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  visual and spatial tasks are apparently converted into a verbal code, because they primarily activate the left hemisphere of the brain. 
D)  there is no clear correspondence between visuospatial tasks and the patterns of brain activation. 
A)  visual tasks typically activate the right hemisphere, whereas spatial tasks typically activate the left hemisphere. 
B)  visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  visual and spatial tasks are apparently converted into a verbal code, because they primarily activate the left hemisphere of the brain. 
D)  there is no clear correspondence between visuospatial tasks and the patterns of brain activation.

Question 7

McCabe and colleagues note that the concept of the central executive in cognitive psychology is very similar to the concept of _______ in the cognitive neurosciences.

Accepted Answer

A)  the prefrontal executive attention network 
B)  hemispheric specialization 
C)  buffering 
D)  brain plasticity 
A)  the prefrontal executive attention network 
B)  hemispheric specialization 
C)  buffering 
D)  brain plasticity

Question 8

Based on Chapter 4's discussion of depression and working memory, a clinical psychologist should know that people with depression

Accepted Answer

A)  have trouble on a wide variety of tasks involving the central executive. 
B)  seldom report any cognitive problems. 
C)  have much more trouble on tasks involving the visuospatial sketchpad than on tasks involving the phonological loop. 
D)  have trouble when the phonological loop is involved in two simultaneous tasks. 
A)  have trouble on a wide variety of tasks involving the central executive. 
B)  seldom report any cognitive problems. 
C)  have much more trouble on tasks involving the visuospatial sketchpad than on tasks involving the phonological loop. 
D)  have trouble when the phonological loop is involved in two simultaneous tasks.

Question 9

Which of the following students' statements best characterizes Baddeley's view of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sam: "Working memory has four separate components, each with its own specialized kind of cognitive activity." 
B)  Lois: "Working memory consists of two components, short-term working memory and long-term working memory." 
C)  Kyung: "Working memory is an activated state of the more general long-term memory store." 
D)  Manuel: "Current research shows that there really is no important difference between working memory and long-term memory." 
A)  Sam: "Working memory has four separate components, each with its own specialized kind of cognitive activity." 
B)  Lois: "Working memory consists of two components, short-term working memory and long-term working memory." 
C)  Kyung: "Working memory is an activated state of the more general long-term memory store." 
D)  Manuel: "Current research shows that there really is no important difference between working memory and long-term memory."

Question 10

According to the chapter on working memory, what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Research in a wide variety of cross-cultural settings continues to confirm that working memory is limited to seven items. 
B)  Researchers had previously thought that the capacity of visual memory had no strict limits. 
C)  Miller's research helped to persuade psychologists that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory was inadequate. 
D)  Miller's article emphasized active mental processes, rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response. 
A)  Research in a wide variety of cross-cultural settings continues to confirm that working memory is limited to seven items. 
B)  Researchers had previously thought that the capacity of visual memory had no strict limits. 
C)  Miller's research helped to persuade psychologists that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory was inadequate. 
D)  Miller's article emphasized active mental processes, rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response.

Question 11

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory, the visuospatial sketchpad

Accepted Answer

A)  is similar to the phonological loop because each has a limited capacity. 
B)  is similar to the phonological loop because each is primarily handled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  is different from the phonological loop, because the visuospatial sketchpad does not have a limited capacity. 
D)  is different from the phonological loop, because the phonological loop does not have a limited capacity. 
A)  is similar to the phonological loop because each has a limited capacity. 
B)  is similar to the phonological loop because each is primarily handled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  is different from the phonological loop, because the visuospatial sketchpad does not have a limited capacity. 
D)  is different from the phonological loop, because the phonological loop does not have a limited capacity.

Question 12

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect. How is this research related to short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory. 
B)  There is a clear-cut difference between pattern perception and short-term memory. 
C)  The material can pass directly into long-term memory, without first entering short-term memory. 
D)  The recency effect showed that the capacity of short-term memory is extremely large. 
A)  The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory. 
B)  There is a clear-cut difference between pattern perception and short-term memory. 
C)  The material can pass directly into long-term memory, without first entering short-term memory. 
D)  The recency effect showed that the capacity of short-term memory is extremely large.

Question 13

According to the neuroscience research on the phonological loop,

Accepted Answer

A)  studies using the single-cell recording technique in humans have located the phonological loop in the auditory cortex. 
B)  the left temporal lobe and the frontal lobe are activated by auditory tasks. 
C)  the right temporal lobe and the frontal lobe are activated by auditory tasks. 
D)  no systematic activation patterns have yet been discovered. 
A)  studies using the single-cell recording technique in humans have located the phonological loop in the auditory cortex. 
B)  the left temporal lobe and the frontal lobe are activated by auditory tasks. 
C)  the right temporal lobe and the frontal lobe are activated by auditory tasks. 
D)  no systematic activation patterns have yet been discovered.

Question 14

In the working-memory model, which of the following cognitive activities would the central executive be most likely to perform?

Accepted Answer

A)  Representing the information from a geometry problem 
B)  Deciding which items on a list should be remembered and which should be forgotten. 
C)  Actively transferring the information from working memory into sensory memory 
D)  Listening to a series of words in random order. 
A)  Representing the information from a geometry problem 
B)  Deciding which items on a list should be remembered and which should be forgotten. 
C)  Actively transferring the information from working memory into sensory memory 
D)  Listening to a series of words in random order.

Question 15

According to Chapter 4, working memory is especially important because

Accepted Answer

A)  it provides a perfect copy of the physical stimulus, for example, a visual image that accurately represents the words on a page. 
B)  it demonstrates that there is a clear-cut limit to the number of items we can store for a short time. 
C)  it is the first process that occurs after the stimulus has entered long-term memory. 
D)  it keeps some items active, so that we can use these items when we are working on a relevant task. 
A)  it provides a perfect copy of the physical stimulus, for example, a visual image that accurately represents the words on a page. 
B)  it demonstrates that there is a clear-cut limit to the number of items we can store for a short time. 
C)  it is the first process that occurs after the stimulus has entered long-term memory. 
D)  it keeps some items active, so that we can use these items when we are working on a relevant task.

Question 16

Chapter 4 discusses characteristics of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to this discussion, people with ADHD are especially likely to have difficulty with which of the following components of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  The phonological loop 
B)  The visuospatial sketchpad 
C)  The episodic buffer 
D)  The central executive 
A)  The phonological loop 
B)  The visuospatial sketchpad 
C)  The episodic buffer 
D)  The central executive

Question 17

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,

Accepted Answer

A)  almost all the stimuli that pass through sensory memory will end up in long-term memory. 
B)  we need to identify the biological correlates of memory. 
C)  memory can be represented as a series of stages in which information is passed between separate storage areas. 
D)  an item is more likely to be stored in memory if it is accompanied by insight. 
A)  almost all the stimuli that pass through sensory memory will end up in long-term memory. 
B)  we need to identify the biological correlates of memory. 
C)  memory can be represented as a series of stages in which information is passed between separate storage areas. 
D)  an item is more likely to be stored in memory if it is accompanied by insight.

Question 18

Suppose that a study examines whether people have trouble creating a mental image of a famous painting while they are watching a cartoon on television. You would expect to find that

Accepted Answer

A)  contrary to Baddeley's theory, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad clearly work together on most tasks. 
B)  people have trouble on a task that employs the visuospatial sketchpad, if they are simultaneously performing another visual task. 
C)  watching the cartoon actually enhances your accuracy when you use your visuospatial sketchpad to create a mental image of a painting. 
D)  people have trouble on this task unless they transfer all information to the episodic buffer. 
A)  contrary to Baddeley's theory, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad clearly work together on most tasks. 
B)  people have trouble on a task that employs the visuospatial sketchpad, if they are simultaneously performing another visual task. 
C)  watching the cartoon actually enhances your accuracy when you use your visuospatial sketchpad to create a mental image of a painting. 
D)  people have trouble on this task unless they transfer all information to the episodic buffer.

Question 19

Christopher and MacDonald compared the working memory capacities of people with and without major depression. They found that, in general, depressed people performed

Accepted Answer

A)  better on tasks involving the phonological loop. 
B)  better on tasks involving the visuospatial sketchpad. 
C)  worse on tasks involving the phonological loop, but better on tasks involving the central executive. 
D)  worse on tasks involving either the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, or central executive. 
A)  better on tasks involving the phonological loop. 
B)  better on tasks involving the visuospatial sketchpad. 
C)  worse on tasks involving the phonological loop, but better on tasks involving the central executive. 
D)  worse on tasks involving either the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, or central executive.

Question 20

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory, the concept called "control processes"

Accepted Answer

A)  emphasizes iconic memory. 
B)  emphasizes information that is presented too quickly to be remembered. 
C)  is a strategy that helps you remember items more accurately. 
D)  is a strategy that involves vision, instead of hearing. 
A)  emphasizes iconic memory. 
B)  emphasizes information that is presented too quickly to be remembered. 
C)  is a strategy that helps you remember items more accurately. 
D)  is a strategy that involves vision, instead of hearing.

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

According to the discussion at the beginning of the chapter on working memory (Chapter 4),

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

Amy recently saw a Broadway musical. As she listens to the soundtrack in her car a few days later, she forms clear visual images of the scenes from the show. This may cause her to experience difficulty driving, because of the limited capacity of her

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

McCabe and colleagues note that the concept of the central executive in cognitive psychology is very similar to the concept of _______ in the cognitive neurosciences.

Based on Chapter 4's discussion of depression and working memory, a clinical psychologist should know that people with depression

Which of the following students' statements best characterizes Baddeley's view of working memory?

According to the chapter on working memory, what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory, the visuospatial sketchpad

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect. How is this research related to short-term memory?

According to the neuroscience research on the phonological loop,

In the working-memory model, which of the following cognitive activities would the central executive be most likely to perform?

According to Chapter 4, working memory is especially important because

Chapter 4 discusses characteristics of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to this discussion, people with ADHD are especially likely to have difficulty with which of the following components of working memory?

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,

Suppose that a study examines whether people have trouble creating a mental image of a famous painting while they are watching a cartoon on television. You would expect to find that

Christopher and MacDonald compared the working memory capacities of people with and without major depression. They found that, in general, depressed people performed

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory, the concept called "control processes"

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

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Exam 4: Working Memory

The discussion of working memory examines research on "acoustic confusions." How are acoustic confusions relevant to working memory?

According to the discussion at the beginning of the chapter on working memory (Chapter 4),

What evidence suggested to Baddeley that working memory has several components?

Amy recently saw a Broadway musical. As she listens to the soundtrack in her car a few days later, she forms clear visual images of the scenes from the show. This may cause her to experience difficulty driving, because of the limited capacity of her

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is

Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that

McCabe and colleagues note that the concept of the central executive in cognitive psychology is very similar to the concept of _______ in the cognitive neurosciences.

Based on Chapter 4's discussion of depression and working memory, a clinical psychologist should know that people with depression

Which of the following students' statements best characterizes Baddeley's view of working memory?

According to the chapter on working memory, what was nontraditional about George Miller's article on the "magical number seven"?

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory, the visuospatial sketchpad

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect. How is this research related to short-term memory?

According to the neuroscience research on the phonological loop,

In the working-memory model, which of the following cognitive activities would the central executive be most likely to perform?

According to Chapter 4, working memory is especially important because

Chapter 4 discusses characteristics of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to this discussion, people with ADHD are especially likely to have difficulty with which of the following components of working memory?

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,

Suppose that a study examines whether people have trouble creating a mental image of a famous painting while they are watching a cartoon on television. You would expect to find that

Christopher and MacDonald compared the working memory capacities of people with and without major depression. They found that, in general, depressed people performed

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory, the concept called "control processes"

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters