Question 1

If you were to draw a map of the town or city in which your college is located,

Accepted Answer

A)  you would make the streets intersect at sharp angles, rather than right angles. 
B)  you would make the streets more curved than they really are. 
C)  you would tend to make the streets intersect at 90° angles. 
D)  you would show a blending of your college building and the surrounding region, even if the boundary is really quite clear-cut. 
A)  you would make the streets intersect at sharp angles, rather than right angles. 
B)  you would make the streets more curved than they really are. 
C)  you would tend to make the streets intersect at 90° angles. 
D)  you would show a blending of your college building and the surrounding region, even if the boundary is really quite clear-cut. C

Question 2

Researchers have conducted studies on a variety of vision-like processes that are unfamiliar to the general public. This research demonstrates that a mental image has roughly the same effect that an actual visual stimulus has, for example, in producing the masking effect. On the basis of this research, we can conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)  demand characteristics probably cannot explain the results. 
B)  the propositional-coding explanation is likely to be correct. 
C)  visual imagery is stronger than auditory or motor imagery. 
D)  experimenter expectancy consistently influences the research on mental imagery. 
A)  demand characteristics probably cannot explain the results. 
B)  the propositional-coding explanation is likely to be correct. 
C)  visual imagery is stronger than auditory or motor imagery. 
D)  experimenter expectancy consistently influences the research on mental imagery. A

Question 3

If your mental image of your aunt's face is stored in an analog code,

Accepted Answer

A)  thinking about the image would produce increased blood flow throughout your frontal cortex. 
B)  the representation would resemble the specific features and facial arrangement found on your aunt's face. 
C)  the code would include language-like descriptions of the most important attributes of her face. 
D)  that image would be represented in terms of both the alignment and the rotation heuristics. 
A)  thinking about the image would produce increased blood flow throughout your frontal cortex. 
B)  the representation would resemble the specific features and facial arrangement found on your aunt's face. 
C)  the code would include language-like descriptions of the most important attributes of her face. 
D)  that image would be represented in terms of both the alignment and the rotation heuristics. B

Question 4

Considering all of the evidence presented in your textbook regarding the analog view of mental images, one can conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)  the analog viewpoint is no longer appropriate, because the majority of research supports the propositional viewpoint. 
B)  the research allows us to conclude that mental imagery operates exactly the same way that perception operates. 
C)  mental imagery is somewhat similar to visual perception. 
D)  both the analog viewpoint and the propositional viewpoint are inconsistent with the current research, so that a new model needs to be developed. 
A)  the analog viewpoint is no longer appropriate, because the majority of research supports the propositional viewpoint. 
B)  the research allows us to conclude that mental imagery operates exactly the same way that perception operates. 
C)  mental imagery is somewhat similar to visual perception. 
D)  both the analog viewpoint and the propositional viewpoint are inconsistent with the current research, so that a new model needs to be developed.

Question 5

In comparison to visual imagery, research suggests that auditory imagery is

Accepted Answer

A)  less vivid. 
B)  a rare ability that only trained musicians have. 
C)  more detailed. 
D)  more likely to be the subject of published research. 
A)  less vivid. 
B)  a rare ability that only trained musicians have. 
C)  more detailed. 
D)  more likely to be the subject of published research.

Question 6

The research on mental rotation has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  people use very different strategies when they rotate letters of the alphabet, as opposed to abstract geometric figures. 
B)  right-handed people and left-handed people are basically identical in their ability to recognize pictures of left and right hands. 
C)  young people are typically faster than elderly people in the speed of their mental rotation. 
D)  young people and elderly people differ greatly in their sense of direction. 
A)  people use very different strategies when they rotate letters of the alphabet, as opposed to abstract geometric figures. 
B)  right-handed people and left-handed people are basically identical in their ability to recognize pictures of left and right hands. 
C)  young people are typically faster than elderly people in the speed of their mental rotation. 
D)  young people and elderly people differ greatly in their sense of direction.

Question 7

A general conclusion about cognitive maps is that

Accepted Answer

A)  they bear little relationship to physical reality. 
B)  they are highly accurate. 
C)  they are fairly accurate, and the errors that they show tend to be rational. 
D)  they are fairly accurate, but the errors that they show tend to be random. 
A)  they bear little relationship to physical reality. 
B)  they are highly accurate. 
C)  they are fairly accurate, and the errors that they show tend to be rational. 
D)  they are fairly accurate, but the errors that they show tend to be random.

Question 8

You are driving in your car, listening to a mystery story on the radio. The narrator has just described the room, and then the main character turns 180° to face the location that had previously been at her back. Your response time to locate objects on your mental map would be quickest for

Accepted Answer

A)  objects that are above or below her. 
B)  objects that are in front of or behind her. 
C)  objects that are to her left or right. 
D)  all objects; the data do not show consistent differences. 
A)  objects that are above or below her. 
B)  objects that are in front of or behind her. 
C)  objects that are to her left or right. 
D)  all objects; the data do not show consistent differences.

Question 9

Suppose that you are driving to an unfamiliar city. To reach your destination with the smallest number of navigational errors, how should your map be oriented?

Accepted Answer

A)  "North" should be at the top. 
B)  "South" should be at the top. 
C)  The map should be oriented so that the top is in the same direction that you are traveling. 
D)  Surprisingly, the research shows that the orientation of the map has little influence on navigation accuracy. 
A)  "North" should be at the top. 
B)  "South" should be at the top. 
C)  The map should be oriented so that the top is in the same direction that you are traveling. 
D)  Surprisingly, the research shows that the orientation of the map has little influence on navigation accuracy.

Question 10

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about gender comparisons in cognitive skills?

Accepted Answer

A)  Debra: "Males are consistently better than females in both mathematics and spatial ability." 
B)  Andy: "The only large gender differences are in verbal ability, where females typically earn higher scores." 
C)  Eladj: "The only large gender differences are in spatial ability, where males often earn higher scores." 
D)  Amelie: "Actually, there are no moderate or large gender differences in any area of cognitive skills. 
A)  Debra: "Males are consistently better than females in both mathematics and spatial ability." 
B)  Andy: "The only large gender differences are in verbal ability, where females typically earn higher scores." 
C)  Eladj: "The only large gender differences are in spatial ability, where males often earn higher scores." 
D)  Amelie: "Actually, there are no moderate or large gender differences in any area of cognitive skills.

Question 11

Psychologists have studied how deaf individuals perform on mental rotation tasks when they are fluent in American Sign Language. The research shows that these individuals:

Accepted Answer

A)  make more errors than people who use spoken communication. 
B)  make fewer errors than other people, because they are accustomed to viewing a scene from a different perspective. 
C)  make fewer errors than other people, because they are not distracted by various sounds in the surrounding area. 
D)  make the same number of errors as other people. 
A)  make more errors than people who use spoken communication. 
B)  make fewer errors than other people, because they are accustomed to viewing a scene from a different perspective. 
C)  make fewer errors than other people, because they are not distracted by various sounds in the surrounding area. 
D)  make the same number of errors as other people.

Question 12

Alex lives in the United States, 20 miles due south of the boundary between the U.S. and Canada. His friend Shawn lives 30 miles due south of Alex. However, Alex thinks he lives closer to Shawn, rather than to the Canadian border. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the rotation heuristic. 
B)  the alignment heuristic. 
C)  border bias. 
D)  a spatial framework model. 
A)  the rotation heuristic. 
B)  the alignment heuristic. 
C)  border bias. 
D)  a spatial framework model.

Question 13

Which of the following students provides the most accurate general summary of the research on cognitive maps?

Accepted Answer

A)  Francine: "When people store spatial information, they tend to represent their cognitive maps as being more regular and orderly than they really are." 
B)  Justin: "Unfortunately, people seem to have difficulty retaining visual information, and so our cognitive maps are highly inaccurate." 
C)  Ana María: "People are actually much more accurate in creating cognitive maps than they are in recalling a story." 
D)  Oskar: "People's mental maps for large geographic regions are fairly accurate, but their mental maps for small geographic regions are likely to reveal many errors." 
A)  Francine: "When people store spatial information, they tend to represent their cognitive maps as being more regular and orderly than they really are." 
B)  Justin: "Unfortunately, people seem to have difficulty retaining visual information, and so our cognitive maps are highly inaccurate." 
C)  Ana María: "People are actually much more accurate in creating cognitive maps than they are in recalling a story." 
D)  Oskar: "People's mental maps for large geographic regions are fairly accurate, but their mental maps for small geographic regions are likely to reveal many errors."

Question 14

According to the introduction of the chapter on imagery,

Accepted Answer

A)  people often create mental images, but they seldom use these images in problem solving or other higher mental processes. 
B)  students report that they use visual imagery and auditory imagery equally often. 
C)  psychologists have conducted more research on visual imagery than any other kind of imagery. 
D)  the first psychologists to pay attention to imagery were the radical behaviorists, in the late 1920s. 
A)  people often create mental images, but they seldom use these images in problem solving or other higher mental processes. 
B)  students report that they use visual imagery and auditory imagery equally often. 
C)  psychologists have conducted more research on visual imagery than any other kind of imagery. 
D)  the first psychologists to pay attention to imagery were the radical behaviorists, in the late 1920s.

Question 15

Studies in which trained musicians rated the similarity of perceived and imagined musical instruments show that

Accepted Answer

A)  auditory imagery for timbre is quite similar to the actual perception of timbre. 
B)  auditory imagery for timbre is significantly different than the actual perception of timbre. 
C)  auditory imagery for volume is significantly different than the actual perception of volume. 
D)  auditory imagery for pitch is significantly different than the actual perception of pitch. 
A)  auditory imagery for timbre is quite similar to the actual perception of timbre. 
B)  auditory imagery for timbre is significantly different than the actual perception of timbre. 
C)  auditory imagery for volume is significantly different than the actual perception of volume. 
D)  auditory imagery for pitch is significantly different than the actual perception of pitch.

Question 16

Which of the following students would need to have the greatest spatial skill?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thomas, an English major 
B)  Stephanie, a History major 
C)  Elise, an Engineering major 
D)  Patrick, a Music major 
A)  Thomas, an English major 
B)  Stephanie, a History major 
C)  Elise, an Engineering major 
D)  Patrick, a Music major

Question 17

Why do researchers in the area of mental imagery need to be concerned about demand characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experimenters might unintentionally convey their hypotheses to the participants. 
B)  Experimenters typically expect participants to perform very well on imagery tasks. 
C)  When experimenters expect a certain outcome in their research, the participants unconsciously produce results that contradict this expectancy. 
D)  Demand characteristics typically increase the magnitude of individual differences. 
A)  Experimenters might unintentionally convey their hypotheses to the participants. 
B)  Experimenters typically expect participants to perform very well on imagery tasks. 
C)  When experimenters expect a certain outcome in their research, the participants unconsciously produce results that contradict this expectancy. 
D)  Demand characteristics typically increase the magnitude of individual differences.

Question 18

In your textbook, Chapter 7 discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities. Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Verbal abilities 
B)  Mathematics abilities 
C)  Spatial abilities such as locating hidden figures in a drawing 
D)  Spatial abilities such as mental rotation 
A)  Verbal abilities 
B)  Mathematics abilities 
C)  Spatial abilities such as locating hidden figures in a drawing 
D)  Spatial abilities such as mental rotation

Question 19

According to the introductory discussion of cognitive maps,

Accepted Answer

A)  the term cognitive map refers to the map constructed by neuroscientists, in which each location of the cortex is paired with a related cognitive task. 
B)  whereas the term cognitive map refers to our mental representation of an imaginary region, the term spatial cognition applies to our mental representation of an actual geographic area. 
C)  compared to the research on the nature of mental images, the research on cognitive maps is more likely to emphasize geographical representations. 
D)  so far, cognitive maps have been examined almost exclusively by psychologists, rather than researchers from other disciplines. 
A)  the term cognitive map refers to the map constructed by neuroscientists, in which each location of the cortex is paired with a related cognitive task. 
B)  whereas the term cognitive map refers to our mental representation of an imaginary region, the term spatial cognition applies to our mental representation of an actual geographic area. 
C)  compared to the research on the nature of mental images, the research on cognitive maps is more likely to emphasize geographical representations. 
D)  so far, cognitive maps have been examined almost exclusively by psychologists, rather than researchers from other disciplines.

Question 20

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on imagery and distance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jian: "Unfortunately, researchers have not yet found an effective method for studying how people represent distances in their mental images." 
B)  Kristen: "We take longer to scan a large mental distance than a small mental distance." 
C)  Anna: "In general, the research on imagery and size supports the propositional explanation of mental imagery." 
D)  Janki: "Kosslyn's original research supported the analog explanation of mental imagery, but the more recent research does not show a consistent relationship between mental distances and decision speed." 
A)  Jian: "Unfortunately, researchers have not yet found an effective method for studying how people represent distances in their mental images." 
B)  Kristen: "We take longer to scan a large mental distance than a small mental distance." 
C)  Anna: "In general, the research on imagery and size supports the propositional explanation of mental imagery." 
D)  Janki: "Kosslyn's original research supported the analog explanation of mental imagery, but the more recent research does not show a consistent relationship between mental distances and decision speed."

If you were to draw a map of the town or city in which your college is located,

If your mental image of your aunt's face is stored in an analog code,

Considering all of the evidence presented in your textbook regarding the analog view of mental images, one can conclude that

In comparison to visual imagery, research suggests that auditory imagery is

The research on mental rotation has shown that

A general conclusion about cognitive maps is that

You are driving in your car, listening to a mystery story on the radio. The narrator has just described the room, and then the main character turns 180° to face the location that had previously been at her back. Your response time to locate objects on your mental map would be quickest for

Suppose that you are driving to an unfamiliar city. To reach your destination with the smallest number of navigational errors, how should your map be oriented?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about gender comparisons in cognitive skills?

Psychologists have studied how deaf individuals perform on mental rotation tasks when they are fluent in American Sign Language. The research shows that these individuals:

Alex lives in the United States, 20 miles due south of the boundary between the U.S. and Canada. His friend Shawn lives 30 miles due south of Alex. However, Alex thinks he lives closer to Shawn, rather than to the Canadian border. This is an example of

Which of the following students provides the most accurate general summary of the research on cognitive maps?

According to the introduction of the chapter on imagery,

Studies in which trained musicians rated the similarity of perceived and imagined musical instruments show that

Which of the following students would need to have the greatest spatial skill?

Why do researchers in the area of mental imagery need to be concerned about demand characteristics?

In your textbook, Chapter 7 discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities. Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

According to the introductory discussion of cognitive maps,

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on imagery and distance?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 7: Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

If you were to draw a map of the town or city in which your college is located,

If your mental image of your aunt's face is stored in an analog code,

Considering all of the evidence presented in your textbook regarding the analog view of mental images, one can conclude that

In comparison to visual imagery, research suggests that auditory imagery is

The research on mental rotation has shown that

A general conclusion about cognitive maps is that

You are driving in your car, listening to a mystery story on the radio. The narrator has just described the room, and then the main character turns 180° to face the location that had previously been at her back. Your response time to locate objects on your mental map would be quickest for

Suppose that you are driving to an unfamiliar city. To reach your destination with the smallest number of navigational errors, how should your map be oriented?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about gender comparisons in cognitive skills?

Psychologists have studied how deaf individuals perform on mental rotation tasks when they are fluent in American Sign Language. The research shows that these individuals:

Alex lives in the United States, 20 miles due south of the boundary between the U.S. and Canada. His friend Shawn lives 30 miles due south of Alex. However, Alex thinks he lives closer to Shawn, rather than to the Canadian border. This is an example of

Which of the following students provides the most accurate general summary of the research on cognitive maps?

According to the introduction of the chapter on imagery,

Studies in which trained musicians rated the similarity of perceived and imagined musical instruments show that

Which of the following students would need to have the greatest spatial skill?

Why do researchers in the area of mental imagery need to be concerned about demand characteristics?

In your textbook, Chapter 7 discusses meta-analyses that focus on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities. Which of the following is the area in which gender differences are typically the largest?

According to the introductory discussion of cognitive maps,

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on imagery and distance?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters