Exam 28: Community Interactions

A predator lures its prey nearby by looking like the prey?s favorite food. This is referred to as_________ .

In a mutualistic relationship, one species benefits and the other is harmed.

What kinds of plant species are likely to be pioneers in secondary succession? Explain why.

When all vegetation is removed from a site by human activity or by natural forces such as volcanic activity, _________species are the first to recolonize the site.

Many plants are mycorrhizal: Their roots are infected with a specialized fungus. The plant supplies carbon to the fungus, and the fungus supplies nutrients to the plant. The relationship between these plants and the mycorrhizal fungi is an example of a_________ association.

An example of _________is when birds feed on parasitic insects that they pick off the skin of large animals such as elephants or bison.

Competition between the members of two species is

Over the course of their evolutionary histories, the timing of flowering, the spacing of plants, and the nectar rewards of flowering plants have influenced the foraging behavior of bees, which in turn has influenced the morphology of flowers. This process is an example of

In the rain forests of Panama, scientists found a colony of tree-dwelling black ants where some individuals had red abdomens. When examined, the scientists determined that the ants with red abdomens were infected with roundworm eggs. Birds would prey on these ants, mistaking their red bellies for berries. In the interactions among the tree-dwelling black ants, the roundworms, and the birds, the roundworms are the

Clownfish live within the tentacles of sea anemones. The anemone protects the fish from predators, and the clownfish cleans the anemone. This relationship is an example of

Birds follow a herd of water buffalo to catch insects that are disturbed as the large herbivores walk through the grass. When large predators are near, the birds fly into the air and make warning calls. What is the ecological relationship between the birds and the herbivores called?

Humans contract bacterial infections such as tuberculosis or syphilis. What is this ecological relationship called?

In his 1961 paper ʺThe Paradox of the Plankton,ʺ ecologist G. E. Hutchinson noted that several species of algae coexist, sharing the same few mineral nutrient resources in homogeneous open-water systems. Because there is little chance of resource partitioning and niche differentiation in such a situation, the paradox of their coexistence is an apparent violation of

What effect does coevolution most likely have on niche overlap?)

What is the relationship between an ecosystem and a community?

The physical home of a species is its_________ .

In all symbiotic relationships, both species involved benefit from the association.

Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not benefit.

Fire is increasingly used as a management tool in both forest and grassland ecosystems to increase species diversity. How might fire influence the occurrence of a climax community and species diversity?

A species of caterpillar develops toxic spikes that deter the birds that prey on it. Over time, the genetics of the bird population shifts so that an allele for a digestive enzyme that neutralizes the toxin becomes more common. This is an example of