Exam 22: Population and Evolutionary Genetics

What are the genetic consequences of inbreeding?

Briefly define the term genetic equilibrium.

Genetic drift is primarily associated with relatively small breeding populations.

When all genotypes within a population do not have equal rates of survival, then allele frequencies may change from one generation to the next by a process called

Which would change allele frequencies more quickly: selection against a dominant allele or selection against a recessive allele?

What is the original source of genetic variation in a population? Which natural factors affect changes in this original variation?

A certain form of albinism in humans is recessive and autosomal. Assume that 1 percent of the individuals in a given population are albino. Assuming that the population is in Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the individuals in this population are expected to be heterozygous?

Migration occurs when individuals move between populations. Considering a single pair of alleles, A and a, which formula is used to indicate the new frequency of A in one generation of migration?

Which single event is probably common to all occurrences of speciation?

One of the Hardy -Weinberg assumptions states that all genotypes in the population are free of selective advantage. What influence might a selective advantage of a genotype have on a Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium?

Mutations are regarded as a strong evolutionary mechanism for changing allelic frequencies.

Assume that in a Hardy -Weinberg population, 9 percent of the individuals are of the homozygous recessive phenotype. What percentage are homozygous dominant?

Which method is often used to analyze proteins and nucleic acids by physical separation when estimating genetic variation in populations?

Given an inheritance pattern of incomplete dominance and 81 flowers that are red (R1R1), 18 flowers that are pink (R1R2), and 1 flower that is white (R2R2), the frequency of the R1 allele is 0.9.

Define the term fitness and relate it to the meaning of selection coefficient.

Natural selection occurs when there is nonrandom elimination of genotypes from a population due to differences in viability or reproductive success.

Which term is given to the measure of the proportion of offspring that a particular phenotype will contribute to the next generation?

Assume that a trait is caused by the homozygous state of a gene that is recessive and autosomal. Nine percent of the individuals in a given population express the phenotype caused by this gene. What percentage of the individuals would be heterozygous for the gene? Assume that the population is in Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium.

In small isolated populations, gene frequencies can fluctuate considerably. The term that applies to this circumstance is _.

Contrast directional and stabilizing forms of selection.