Exam 7: Examining Differences Between Means: The T-Test

A behavioural neuroscientist wishes to study the potential of a new technology for restoring vision in people with damage to a specific region of the brain.Neuropsychologists have already done work with humans who have damage to that region and their results are encouraging but the number of people available for testing is too small to make definitive conclusions.The researcher proposes testing the effect of the technology on monkeys.In order to do that test he has to damage part of the brain of the monkeys and then check if the technology restores vision.Which of the following statements is true in relation to the technical definition of the ethical principles?

"The conditions that must be satisfied before we can use a statistical test with confidence.Those of the t-test are that the samples are independent and randomly sampled from a normally distributed population that has the same variance for all samples".What is this a glossary definition of?

"In popular (and rather loose)usage, a philosophy that embraces the tenets of idealism, relativism and constructivism in arguing that the constructs of value and worth are entirely dependent on the perspective of the judge and therefore that they are impossible to establish objectively." What philosophical orientation approach this a glossary definition of?

A peace psychologist collects transcripts of 30 speeches delivered by a national leader in the six months before a major war.She is interested in testing the hypothesis that the leader's speeches promoted aggression in the lead up to the war, a hypothesis that the leader strongly denied in a major television interview after retiring from politics.Which of the following statements is false?

"The set of principles that guide humane organizations such as societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals and which promote consideration for the well-being of animals." What ethical construct is this a glossary definition of?

Which of the following statements is true?

In reviewing themes as part of thematic analysis, what does the principle of meta-contrast relate to?

"The sources from which qualitative data are collected and upon which analysis is performed." What construct is this a glossary definition of?

A developmental psychologist developed a training program to encourage children to reduce their Internet usage.To examine its efficacy he recruited a sample of 120 children - of whom 60 were aged 11 years and 60 were aged 13.Half of the participants were randomly assigned to the training program and the amount of online usage was measured after one month.Findings were subjected to two-way ANOVA, from which the output was as follows: Which of the following is a fair summary of the results?

After careful ethical review of planned procedures, a researcher tests a new brain activation drug by taking a sample of 50 volunteers and randomly assigning 25 participants to the treatment condition and 25 to the control (placebo)condition.She then carries out an fMRI scan to assess the level of activation in regions of the participants' brains 30 minutes after administering the drug.She carries out a between-participants t-test in SPSS which provides the output shown below: Which of the following statements is true?

"A body set up by a research institution such as a university to review ethical principles relating to the conduct of research at that institution.These usually contain representatives from groups for whom research ethics is important and relevant (e.g.researchers, lawyers, medical practitioners, ministers of religion, members of the general community)." What is this a glossary definition of?

With what is the nomothetic approach typically contrasted?

A health psychologist plans to conduct a study into alcohol use with adolescents in a country where the legal drinking age is 18.She plans to collect a sample of around 40 people under the age of 18 (20 male and 20 female)from a local youth organization and conduct face-to-face interviews and administer questionnaires that measure alcohol consumption, personality, and well-being and she also plans to secretly observe whether the young people accept alcoholic drinks at the end-of-year function organized by the youth organization.Which of the following statements is true?

A behavioural neuroscientist wishes to study the potential of a new technology for restoring vision in people with damage to a specific region of the brain.Neuropsychologists have already done work with humans who have damage to that region and their results are encouraging but the number of people available for testing is too small to make definitive conclusions.The researcher proposes testing the effect of the technology on monkeys.In order to do that test she has to damage part of the brain of the monkeys and then check if the technology restores vision.A protest group forms outside the laboratory where the research is being conducted.The leader of the protest volunteers to submit to the brain damaging intervention and treatment if the monkeys can be saved.Which of the following statements is true?

A researcher, Bill, adopts a qualitative research strategy in which they want to focus on the meaning that computer-generated marketing letters have for those who receive them.To do this, they interview 16 people who have received such letters and subect their responses to thematic analysis.Which of the following is clearly true?

A clinical psychologist recruits a sample of 144 people experiencing anxiety disorders to test the effectiveness of a new therapy.However, 12 of the participants withdraw before the end of the program.Of the remaining 132 participants, 59 were randomly assigned to a control condition in which they received conventional treatment (shown as "Cond.1" below)and 25 of them were assessed to have reduced symptoms after treatment.At the same time, 69 participants were randomly assigned to a condition in which they received the new treatment (shown as "Cond.2")and, of these, 41 were assessed to have reduced symptoms after treatment.The output from a chi-square test (conducted using Preacher's, 2001, online tool)is shown below: Which of the following statements is true?

If an experimenter conducts a t-test to see whether the responses of subjects in a control group differ from those of an experimental group, which of the following outcomes will yield the highest t-value?

A health psychologist plans to conduct a study into alcohol use with adolescents in a country where the legal drinking age is 18.She plans to collect a sample of around 40 people under the age of 18 (20 male and 20 female)from a local youth organization and conduct face-to-face interviews and administer questionnaires that measure alcohol consumption, personality, and well-being and she also plans to secretly observe whether the young people accept alcoholic drinks at the end-of-year function organized by the youth organization.Which of the following statements is true?

"A distribution-free test that is used to compare the central tendency of sets of data that are collected in pairs from the same participants.It is particularly applicable to 'before' and 'after' designs in which data are obtained from the same source on two occasions." What construct is this a glossary definition of?

A behavioural neuroscientist wishes to study the potential of a new technology for restoring vision in people with damage to a specific region of the brain.Neuropsychologists have already done work with humans who have damage to that region and their results are encouraging but the number of people available for testing is too small to make definitive conclusions.The researcher proposes testing the effect of the technology on monkeys.In order to do that test he has to damage part of the brain of the monkeys and then check if the technology restores vision.Which of the following statements is true?