Question 1

A researcher is interested in the phenomenology of shopping.What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A) That they are interested in studying the phenomenon of shopping. 
B) That they are interested in the science of shopping. 
C) That they are interested in studying the phenomenon of shopping as it is experienced by researchers. 
D) That they are interested in studying the phenomenon of shopping as it is experienced by those who do it. 
E) That they are interested in the ways in which particular forms of shopping activity (e.g., using one's credit card)feed into particular psychological states (e.g., depression). 
A) That they are interested in studying the phenomenon of shopping. 
B) That they are interested in the science of shopping. 
C) That they are interested in studying the phenomenon of shopping as it is experienced by researchers. 
D) That they are interested in studying the phenomenon of shopping as it is experienced by those who do it. 
E) That they are interested in the ways in which particular forms of shopping activity (e.g., using one's credit card)feed into particular psychological states (e.g., depression).

Question 2

A sports psychologist is seeking a screening task for talent identification that does not favour one gender over the other.He recruits a sample of 119 athletes (70 male and 49 female)and records the time taken to complete the task.The distribution has a very long tail so he decides to conduct a nonparametric test in SPSS.The output is shown below:   Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The long tail in the distribution suggests that because some people had difficulty doing the task this means the task is not fair. 
B) If some people had difficulty doing the task the research is not ethical. 
C) Task difficulty does not itself make the research unethical it is a matter of whether the research violates ethical principles. 
D) The long tail in the distribution suggests that because some people had difficulty doing the task this means the task is not fair but the research itself is ethical. 
E) The research is ethical because sports psychology is a science and science is part of society. 
A) The long tail in the distribution suggests that because some people had difficulty doing the task this means the task is not fair. 
B) If some people had difficulty doing the task the research is not ethical. 
C) Task difficulty does not itself make the research unethical it is a matter of whether the research violates ethical principles. 
D) The long tail in the distribution suggests that because some people had difficulty doing the task this means the task is not fair but the research itself is ethical. 
E) The research is ethical because sports psychology is a science and science is part of society.

Question 3

A personality researcher revisits the hypothesis that frustration leads to regression.She collects data from 49 female Internet users measuring their sense of personal frustration and their self-ratings of aggression.A scatterplot is shown below.   Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The research shows that frustration causes aggression. 
B) The research shows that aggression causes frustration. 
C) The research shows that either frustration causes aggression or aggression causes frustration but we need an experiment to decide which one is true. 
D) It is impossible to determine the nature of the causal relationship between variables in this type of research. 
E) It looks like frustration causes aggression but we need to know whether the effect is significant before we can draw this conclusion. 
A) The research shows that frustration causes aggression. 
B) The research shows that aggression causes frustration. 
C) The research shows that either frustration causes aggression or aggression causes frustration but we need an experiment to decide which one is true. 
D) It is impossible to determine the nature of the causal relationship between variables in this type of research. 
E) It looks like frustration causes aggression but we need to know whether the effect is significant before we can draw this conclusion.

Question 4

A clinical neuropsychologist develops a new treatment for recovery from head trauma and administers it to one half (randomly selected)of a sample of 50 people.He measures the level of cognitive functioning one month after the trauma and analyses the data in SPSS.The output of a between-participant t-test is shown below:   Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) There are good grounds to suspect that the variances are unequal. 
B) We should reject the results of this test due to the unequal variances. 
C) Both (a)and (b). 
D) It is not surprising that the cognitive functioning is variable following head trauma so we should pay no attention to unequal variances, especially as the t-test is robust to violation of assumptions. 
E) All of the above. 
A) There are good grounds to suspect that the variances are unequal. 
B) We should reject the results of this test due to the unequal variances. 
C) Both (a)and (b). 
D) It is not surprising that the cognitive functioning is variable following head trauma so we should pay no attention to unequal variances, especially as the t-test is robust to violation of assumptions. 
E) All of the above.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Classical qualitative methods generally embrace a philosophy of idealism. 
B) Classical qualitative methods generally embrace a philosophy of realism. 
C) Classical qualitative methods generally embrace a philosophy of isolationism. 
D) Both (a)and (b) 
E) All of the above. 
A) Classical qualitative methods generally embrace a philosophy of idealism. 
B) Classical qualitative methods generally embrace a philosophy of realism. 
C) Classical qualitative methods generally embrace a philosophy of isolationism. 
D) Both (a)and (b) 
E) All of the above.

Question 6

"A relationship between variables where high scores on the first variable are associated with low scores on the second variable, and low scores on the first are associated with high scores on the second." What type of relationship is this a glossary definition of?

Accepted Answer

A) An indeterminate correlation. 
B) A negative correlation. 
C) A positive correlation. 
D) A high correlation. 
E) A low correlation. 
A) An indeterminate correlation. 
B) A negative correlation. 
C) A positive correlation. 
D) A high correlation. 
E) A low correlation.

Question 7

In his (2005)paper, John Ioannidis argued that most published scientific research findings are false.Which of the following factors does he argue are responsible for this fact?

Accepted Answer

A) Science involves the reproduction of prejudice. 
B) Scientific activity is affected by bias. 
C) Bias affects the way data are collected. 
D) Bias affects the way data are interpreted. 
E) All of the above. 
A) Science involves the reproduction of prejudice. 
B) Scientific activity is affected by bias. 
C) Bias affects the way data are collected. 
D) Bias affects the way data are interpreted. 
E) All of the above.

Question 8

A researcher has a data set in which there are two variables with two or more levels.Which of the following might be addressed using a distribution-free test?

Accepted Answer

A) Whether the two variables are related. 
B) Whether the central tendency of the two variables is different. 
C) Whether the central tendency of the two variables is the same. 
D) Both (a)and (b). 
E) All of the above. 
A) Whether the two variables are related. 
B) Whether the central tendency of the two variables is different. 
C) Whether the central tendency of the two variables is the same. 
D) Both (a)and (b). 
E) All of the above.

Question 9

What is the purpose of concept cards in grounded theory?

Accepted Answer

A) To ensure that data can be located at a later point. 
B) To define the meaning of concepts. 
C) To facilitate the process of data sharing. 
D) To list variants of concept use across the data set as a whole. 
E) To ensure that researchers have something to exchange with other researchers when they meet at scientific conferences. 
A) To ensure that data can be located at a later point. 
B) To define the meaning of concepts. 
C) To facilitate the process of data sharing. 
D) To list variants of concept use across the data set as a whole. 
E) To ensure that researchers have something to exchange with other researchers when they meet at scientific conferences.

Question 10

How might one deal with the possibility of outliers in Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

Accepted Answer

A) Examine the distribution of scores to see if it contains outliers.If it does, remove them. 
B) Examine the distribution of scores to see if it contains outliers.If it does, see if this can be corrected by an appropriate statistical transformation of the sample data.If this is not possible, consider removing individual outliers.Ensure you report any transformations that you make. 
C) Examine the distribution of scores to see if it contains outliers.If it does, see if this can be corrected by an appropriate statistical transformation of the sample data.If this is not possible, consider recoding outliers to the same value as the nearest nonoutlier.Ensure you report any transformations that you make. 
D) Both (b)and (c). 
E) Do not worry: Analysis of Variance automatically corrects for outliers. 
A) Examine the distribution of scores to see if it contains outliers.If it does, remove them. 
B) Examine the distribution of scores to see if it contains outliers.If it does, see if this can be corrected by an appropriate statistical transformation of the sample data.If this is not possible, consider removing individual outliers.Ensure you report any transformations that you make. 
C) Examine the distribution of scores to see if it contains outliers.If it does, see if this can be corrected by an appropriate statistical transformation of the sample data.If this is not possible, consider recoding outliers to the same value as the nearest nonoutlier.Ensure you report any transformations that you make. 
D) Both (b)and (c). 
E) Do not worry: Analysis of Variance automatically corrects for outliers.

Question 11

A personality researcher revisits the hypothesis that frustration leads to regression.She collects data from 49 female Internet users measuring their sense of personal frustration and their self-ratings of aggression (on a scale from 1 to 7).A scatterplot is shown below.   Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The scatterplot suggests there is a positive correlation between frustration and aggression. 
B) The scatterplot suggests there is a negative correlation between frustration and aggression. 
C) The scatterplot suggests there is no correlation between frustration and aggression. 
D) The scatterplot provides no information about correlations. 
E) The scatterplat suggests that these data need to be subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOV
A) . 
A) The scatterplot suggests there is a positive correlation between frustration and aggression. 
B) The scatterplot suggests there is a negative correlation between frustration and aggression. 
C) The scatterplot suggests there is no correlation between frustration and aggression. 
D) The scatterplot provides no information about correlations. 
E) The scatterplat suggests that these data need to be subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOV
A) .

Question 12

"A philosophy that suggests that features of the world are created through the subjective act of perceiving the world and hence are not amenable to measurement or definitive characterization." What philosophical orientation is this a glossary definition of?

Accepted Answer

A) Postivism. 
B) Idealism. 
C) Relativism. 
D) Realism. 
E) Contextualism. 
A) Postivism. 
B) Idealism. 
C) Relativism. 
D) Realism. 
E) Contextualism.

Question 13

"A common statistical purpose or goal of correlational analyses.The aim is to be able to estimate (with some uncertainty)a person's score on one variable by knowing that person's score on another variable (or variables)." What is this a glossary definition of?

Accepted Answer

A) Correlation. 
B) Prediction. 
C) Estimation. 
D) Validation. 
E) Explanation. 
A) Correlation. 
B) Prediction. 
C) Estimation. 
D) Validation. 
E) Explanation.

Question 14

A peace psychologist collects transcripts of 30 speeches delivered by a national leader in the six months before a major war.She is interested in testing the hypothesis that the leader's speeches promoted aggression in the lead up to the war, a hypothesis that the leader strongly denied in a major television interview after retiring from politics.Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Statistics could not be used to analyse the results of this research. 
B) If the leader only gave 30 speeches in the six month period before the war then the sampling domain could be said to be too narrow. 
C) Grounded theory could be useful here if it was a ground war. 
D) Both (a)and (b). 
E) None of the above. 
A) Statistics could not be used to analyse the results of this research. 
B) If the leader only gave 30 speeches in the six month period before the war then the sampling domain could be said to be too narrow. 
C) Grounded theory could be useful here if it was a ground war. 
D) Both (a)and (b). 
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Qualitative research is a lot easier to conduct than quantitative research. 
B) Qualitative research is less scientific than quantitative research. 
C) Qualitative research is a lot easier to publish than is the case with quantitative research. 
D) The analytical principles underlying qualitative research are easier to master than SPSS. 
E) None of the above. 
A) Qualitative research is a lot easier to conduct than quantitative research. 
B) Qualitative research is less scientific than quantitative research. 
C) Qualitative research is a lot easier to publish than is the case with quantitative research. 
D) The analytical principles underlying qualitative research are easier to master than SPSS. 
E) None of the above.

Question 16

A peace psychologist collects transcripts of 30 speeches delivered by a national leader in the six months before a major war.She is interested in testing the hypothesis that the leader's speeches promoted aggression in the lead up to the war, a hypothesis that the leader strongly denied in a major television interview after retiring from politics.Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) As only one leader's speeches are analysed the researcher only needs one code. 
B) It would be desirable to have multiple independent coders here. 
C) It would be essential to have coders from the country that the war was against. 
D) Multiple coders are not desirable for this research as it could lead to political arguments. 
E) Independent coders are often useful but not if they do not support the major political parties at election time. 
A) As only one leader's speeches are analysed the researcher only needs one code. 
B) It would be desirable to have multiple independent coders here. 
C) It would be essential to have coders from the country that the war was against. 
D) Multiple coders are not desirable for this research as it could lead to political arguments. 
E) Independent coders are often useful but not if they do not support the major political parties at election time.

Question 17

After careful ethical review of planned procedures, a researcher tests a new brain activation drug by taking a sample of 50 volunteers and randomly assigning 25 participants to the treatment condition and 25 to the control (placebo)condition.She then carries out an fMRI scan to assess the level of activation in regions of the participants' brains 30 minutes after administering the drug.She carries out a between-participants t-test in SPSS which provides the output shown below:   What is the best summary of the outcome of this t-test?

Accepted Answer

A) The difference between conditions is significant. 
B) The differences between conditions is significant with an alpha level of .05. 
C) The difference between conditions is not significant. 
D) The differences between conditions is marginally significant. 
E) The treatment is obviously effective. 
A) The difference between conditions is significant. 
B) The differences between conditions is significant with an alpha level of .05. 
C) The difference between conditions is not significant. 
D) The differences between conditions is marginally significant. 
E) The treatment is obviously effective.

Question 18

A peace psychologist collects transcripts of 30 speeches delivered by a national leader in the six months before a major war.She is interested in testing the hypothesis that the leader's speeches promoted aggression in the lead up to the war, a hypothesis that the leader strongly denied in a major television interview after retiring from politics.Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and that is too small to be significant. 
B) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and that is too small to be generalizable. 
C) Even though only one person's behaviour was analysed this is common in case studies. 
D) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and someone else probably wrote the speeches anyway. 
E) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and that person disagreed with the hypothesis anyway. 
A) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and that is too small to be significant. 
B) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and that is too small to be generalizable. 
C) Even though only one person's behaviour was analysed this is common in case studies. 
D) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and someone else probably wrote the speeches anyway. 
E) This is not valid psychological research because only one person's behaviour was analysed (N=1)and that person disagreed with the hypothesis anyway.

Question 19

"The ability of a statistical test to reveal effects that exist in the data.Increasing this reduces inferential uncertainty.Formally, it is equal to 1 − β, where β is the probability of a Type II error." What construct is this a glossary definition of?

Accepted Answer

A) Type I error 
B) The probability of Type I error 
C) Power 
D) Statistical significance 
E) Statistical confidence 
A) Type I error 
B) The probability of Type I error 
C) Power 
D) Statistical significance 
E) Statistical confidence

Question 20

The chi-squared test of independence involves analysing what form of data?

Accepted Answer

A) Data in which one variable has two or more levels. 
B) Data in which two variables have two or more levels. 
C) Data in which one variable has three or more levels. 
D) Data in which two variables have three or more levels. 
E) None of the above. 
A) Data in which one variable has two or more levels. 
B) Data in which two variables have two or more levels. 
C) Data in which one variable has three or more levels. 
D) Data in which two variables have three or more levels. 
E) None of the above.

A researcher is interested in the phenomenology of shopping.What does this mean?

A personality researcher revisits the hypothesis that frustration leads to regression.She collects data from 49 female Internet users measuring their sense of personal frustration and their self-ratings of aggression.A scatterplot is shown below. Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following statements is true?

"A relationship between variables where high scores on the first variable are associated with low scores on the second variable, and low scores on the first are associated with high scores on the second." What type of relationship is this a glossary definition of?

In his (2005)paper, John Ioannidis argued that most published scientific research findings are false.Which of the following factors does he argue are responsible for this fact?

A researcher has a data set in which there are two variables with two or more levels.Which of the following might be addressed using a distribution-free test?

What is the purpose of concept cards in grounded theory?

How might one deal with the possibility of outliers in Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

"A philosophy that suggests that features of the world are created through the subjective act of perceiving the world and hence are not amenable to measurement or definitive characterization." What philosophical orientation is this a glossary definition of?

"A common statistical purpose or goal of correlational analyses.The aim is to be able to estimate (with some uncertainty)a person's score on one variable by knowing that person's score on another variable (or variables)." What is this a glossary definition of?

Which of the following statements is true?

"The ability of a statistical test to reveal effects that exist in the data.Increasing this reduces inferential uncertainty.Formally, it is equal to 1 − β, where β is the probability of a Type II error." What construct is this a glossary definition of?

The chi-squared test of independence involves analysing what form of data?

Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals

Research Methods

Experimental Design

Survey Design

Descriptive Statistics

Some Principles of Statistical Inference

Filters

Exam 7: Examining Differences Between Means: The T-Test

A researcher is interested in the phenomenology of shopping.What does this mean?

A personality researcher revisits the hypothesis that frustration leads to regression.She collects data from 49 female Internet users measuring their sense of personal frustration and their self-ratings of aggression.A scatterplot is shown below. Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following statements is true?

"A relationship between variables where high scores on the first variable are associated with low scores on the second variable, and low scores on the first are associated with high scores on the second." What type of relationship is this a glossary definition of?

In his (2005)paper, John Ioannidis argued that most published scientific research findings are false.Which of the following factors does he argue are responsible for this fact?

A researcher has a data set in which there are two variables with two or more levels.Which of the following might be addressed using a distribution-free test?

What is the purpose of concept cards in grounded theory?

How might one deal with the possibility of outliers in Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

"A philosophy that suggests that features of the world are created through the subjective act of perceiving the world and hence are not amenable to measurement or definitive characterization." What philosophical orientation is this a glossary definition of?

"A common statistical purpose or goal of correlational analyses.The aim is to be able to estimate (with some uncertainty)a person's score on one variable by knowing that person's score on another variable (or variables)." What is this a glossary definition of?

Which of the following statements is true?

"The ability of a statistical test to reveal effects that exist in the data.Increasing this reduces inferential uncertainty.Formally, it is equal to 1 − β, where β is the probability of a Type II error." What construct is this a glossary definition of?

The chi-squared test of independence involves analysing what form of data?

Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals

Research Methods

Experimental Design

Survey Design

Descriptive Statistics

Some Principles of Statistical Inference

Filters