Exam 2: How Probation Developed: Chronicling Its Past and Present

Today, __________ is used to ensure a defendant's presence at court, but the main goal was originally to humanize criminal law and mitigate its harshness.

A monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily by the court in punishment for an offense is known as a(n) _____.

Probation, as it is practiced today in the United States, evolved out of norms and traditions of the Greek, Roman, and Arab cultures.

Which community corrections model in the United States utilized probation and parole officers as social workers who sought to diagnosis and treat those offenders (clients) they were assigned?

The "casework model of community corrections" that occurred from 1900 to 1970 in the United States emphasized fairness and due process.

When an indictment is held in abeyance with neither dismissal nor final conviction, in cases in which the judge wishes to defer adjudication or suspend the sentence, it is

The vast majority of current U.S. probationers have been sentenced for a(n) ______ or alcohol violation.

An amercement refers to a monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court for an offense.

In early British criminal law, a(n) _____ was a monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of a court for an offense.

______________ was the person responsible for the establishment of the first juvenile court in 1899 in the city of Chicago, Illinois.

It is generally agreed that the first true probation law was enacted in the United States in 1878 and grew out of the work of ________________, who is credited with being a "founder of probation" in America.

Probation systems are often either county or _____ controlled and funded.

You are a judge in a small Nebraska town. There is an opioid epidemic, and many of the dealers are minors. You need to come up with a consistent, clear plan for probation. Should probation of the juvenile offenders in your district be handled differently from that of adults? Contextualize your opinion using historical examples from your text.

From the 1700s to the early 1800s, children were disciplined and punished for crimes

An oral or written request that the court repeal, nullify, or overturn a decision, usually made during or after the trial, is called a ________.