Question 1

What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?

Accepted Answer

A) ​face 
B) ​predictive 
C) concurrent 
D) ​convergent 
A) ​face 
B) ​predictive 
C) concurrent 
D) ​convergent D

Question 2

Participants taking on the negativistic subject role ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​are concerned that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate them 
B) ​try to act in a manner such that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis 
C) try to act in a manner such that their data are consistent with the hypothesis 
D) ​try to avoid acting on the basis of their suspicions 
A) ​are concerned that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate them 
B) ​try to act in a manner such that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis 
C) try to act in a manner such that their data are consistent with the hypothesis 
D) ​try to avoid acting on the basis of their suspicions B

Question 3

Operational definitions are necessary to convert hypothetical constructs into observable variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

What term is used for an external factor that may influence or distort the measurements in a research study?

Accepted Answer

A) ​artifact 
B) ​aberration 
C) demand characteristic 
D) ​bias factor 
A) ​artifact 
B) ​aberration 
C) demand characteristic 
D) ​bias factor

Question 5

To establish split-half reliability you must administer the same measurement to the same group of people at two different times.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

How will participants change their normal behavior if they respond to demand characteristics by adopting "the good subject role?"

Accepted Answer

A) ​They will attempt to produce the data that they think you want. 
B) ​They will attempt to make themselves appear better than they really are. 
C) They will attempt to work against what they think is the research hypothesis. 
D) ​They will follow instructions without acting on their suspicions about the study. 
A) ​They will attempt to produce the data that they think you want. 
B) ​They will attempt to make themselves appear better than they really are. 
C) They will attempt to work against what they think is the research hypothesis. 
D) ​They will follow instructions without acting on their suspicions about the study.

Question 7

Describe one of the modalities of measurement (behavioral,self-report,or physiological),and discuss both the advantages and the limitations of this modality.

Accepted Answer

​The three modes of measurement are: (1)

Question 8

What is demonstrated by showing that the test scores measured today for a group of individuals are nearly identical to the scores obtained with the same measurement procedure last week?

Accepted Answer

A) ​predictive validity 
B) ​test-retest reliability 
C) inter-rater reliability 
D) ​construct validity 
A) ​predictive validity 
B) ​test-retest reliability 
C) inter-rater reliability 
D) ​construct validity

Question 9

Cues given to the participants about how they are expected to behave define a situation's ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​experimenter bias 
B) ​volunteer bias 
C) reactivity 
D) ​demand characteristics 
A) ​experimenter bias 
B) ​volunteer bias 
C) reactivity 
D) ​demand characteristics

Question 10

A strategy for reducing experimenter bias is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​let whoever designed the experiment conduct it 
B) ​increase the sample size 
C) standardize the experiment 
D) ​ensure the experimenter understands the risk of bias 
A) ​let whoever designed the experiment conduct it 
B) ​increase the sample size 
C) standardize the experiment 
D) ​ensure the experimenter understands the risk of bias

Question 11

A measurement procedure can be reliable without being valid.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A floor effect means that a measurement procedure is not likely to detect a decrease in scores.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Describe one potential artifact (experimenter bias or reactivity)and how it threatens both the internal and external validity of a study.

Accepted Answer

​Experimenter bias occurs when the expec

Question 14

Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?

Accepted Answer

A) ​self-report 
B) ​survey 
C) behavioral 
D) ​physiological 
A) ​self-report 
B) ​survey 
C) behavioral 
D) ​physiological

Question 15

Men's shirt sizes are classified as small,medium,large,and extra-large.This is an example of measurement on a nominal scale.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Describe how a researcher can establish construct validity.

Accepted Answer

​Construct validity is demonstrated when

Question 17

What term refers to a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) ​construct 
B) ​operational variable 
C) theoretical variable 
D) hypothetical variable 
A) ​construct 
B) ​operational variable 
C) theoretical variable 
D) hypothetical variable

Question 18

Establishing the reliability of a measurement procedure by using the procedure to measure the same individuals on two separate occasions and comparing the two sets of scores is known as ____ reliability.

Accepted Answer

A) ​split-half 
B) ​internal 
C) test-retest 
D) ​inter-rater 
A) ​split-half 
B) ​internal 
C) test-retest 
D) ​inter-rater

Question 19

An artifact such as experimenter bias is a threat to the validity of measurement because the ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​outcome measurements may be distorted by the artifact 
B) ​artifact is an external factor, unrelated to the experiment 
C) artifact will allow participants to identify the experimental manipulation 
D) ​artifact will reduce reliability which will, in turn, reduce validity 
A) ​outcome measurements may be distorted by the artifact 
B) ​artifact is an external factor, unrelated to the experiment 
C) artifact will allow participants to identify the experimental manipulation 
D) ​artifact will reduce reliability which will, in turn, reduce validity

Question 20

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies,usually conducted over a long period of time?

Accepted Answer

A) ​face 
B) ​concurrent 
C) predictive 
D) ​construct 
A) ​face 
B) ​concurrent 
C) predictive 
D) ​construct

What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?

Participants taking on the negativistic subject role ____.

Operational definitions are necessary to convert hypothetical constructs into observable variables.

What term is used for an external factor that may influence or distort the measurements in a research study?

To establish split-half reliability you must administer the same measurement to the same group of people at two different times.

How will participants change their normal behavior if they respond to demand characteristics by adopting "the good subject role?"

Describe one of the modalities of measurement (behavioral,self-report,or physiological),and discuss both the advantages and the limitations of this modality.

What is demonstrated by showing that the test scores measured today for a group of individuals are nearly identical to the scores obtained with the same measurement procedure last week?

Cues given to the participants about how they are expected to behave define a situation's ____.

A strategy for reducing experimenter bias is to ____.

A measurement procedure can be reliable without being valid.

A floor effect means that a measurement procedure is not likely to detect a decrease in scores.

Describe one potential artifact (experimenter bias or reactivity)and how it threatens both the internal and external validity of a study.

Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?

Men's shirt sizes are classified as small,medium,large,and extra-large.This is an example of measurement on a nominal scale.

Describe how a researcher can establish construct validity.

What term refers to a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?

Establishing the reliability of a measurement procedure by using the procedure to measure the same individuals on two separate occasions and comparing the two sets of scores is known as ____ reliability.

An artifact such as experimenter bias is a threat to the validity of measurement because the ____.

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies,usually conducted over a long period of time?

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Research Ideas and Hypotheses.

Ethics in Research.

Selecting Research Participants.

Research Strategies and Validity.

The Experimental Research Strategy.

Experimental Designs: Between Subjects Design.

Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.

Factorial Designs.

The Correlational Research Strategy.

The Descriptive Research Strategy.

Single-Subject Research Designs.

Statistical Evaluation of Data.

Writing an APA-Style Research Report.

Filters

Exam 3: Defining and Measuring Variables.

What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?

Participants taking on the negativistic subject role ____.

Operational definitions are necessary to convert hypothetical constructs into observable variables.

What term is used for an external factor that may influence or distort the measurements in a research study?

To establish split-half reliability you must administer the same measurement to the same group of people at two different times.

How will participants change their normal behavior if they respond to demand characteristics by adopting "the good subject role?"

Describe one of the modalities of measurement (behavioral,self-report,or physiological),and discuss both the advantages and the limitations of this modality.

What is demonstrated by showing that the test scores measured today for a group of individuals are nearly identical to the scores obtained with the same measurement procedure last week?

Cues given to the participants about how they are expected to behave define a situation's ____.

A strategy for reducing experimenter bias is to ____.

A measurement procedure can be reliable without being valid.

A floor effect means that a measurement procedure is not likely to detect a decrease in scores.

Describe one potential artifact (experimenter bias or reactivity)and how it threatens both the internal and external validity of a study.

Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?

Men's shirt sizes are classified as small,medium,large,and extra-large.This is an example of measurement on a nominal scale.

Describe how a researcher can establish construct validity.

What term refers to a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?

Establishing the reliability of a measurement procedure by using the procedure to measure the same individuals on two separate occasions and comparing the two sets of scores is known as ____ reliability.

An artifact such as experimenter bias is a threat to the validity of measurement because the ____.

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies,usually conducted over a long period of time?

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Research Ideas and Hypotheses.

Ethics in Research.

Selecting Research Participants.

Research Strategies and Validity.

The Experimental Research Strategy.

Experimental Designs: Between Subjects Design.

Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.

Factorial Designs.

The Correlational Research Strategy.

The Descriptive Research Strategy.

Single-Subject Research Designs.

Statistical Evaluation of Data.

Writing an APA-Style Research Report.

Filters