Exam 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.

A research study that evaluates changes in behavior related to age by examining different groups of individuals,with each group representing a different age,is called a(n)____.

A researcher in Mississippi measured visits to the school counselor for a group of students for three weeks in the spring.In the fall,immediately after a major hurricane,the researcher again measured the students' counselor visits to see if there had been any change.This researcher is using an interrupted time-series design.

The researcher is least likely to randomly assign individuals to treatment groups in which type of study?

The internal validity of the pre-post designs is threatened by threats related to time.

A problem with a longitudinal design is that the results may be distorted by ____.

Which threat occurs in nonequivalent group designs because the groups may have different participant characteristics?

A cross-sectional developmental design is an example of the general category of ____ designs.

The posttest-only nonequivalent control group design comes close to being a true experiment and is therefore is a quasi-experimental design.

Distinguish nonexperimental designs from quasi-experimental designs.

What is one difference between a time-series design and an interrupted time-series design?

Differential history effects are a threat to internal validity for which of the following designs?

Describe the fundamental flaw that prevents a pre-post design from being a true experiment.(That is,why can't these designs produce an unambiguous cause-and-effect explanation?)Explain how the series of observations before the treatment help reduce this problem.

One group is measured before and after a treatment in a typical pre-post study.

Nonexperimental studies always contain a threat to internal validity,which means that these studies cannot establish unambiguous cause-and-effect relationships.

Last fall,a state college introduced a one-week study skills course for new freshmen students.At the end of the academic year,the college compared the grades and dropout rate for their freshmen with the corresponding measurements for freshmen at a neighboring state college.This study is an example of a ____.

The pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design reduces the threat of assignment bias and limits time-related threats and therefore is a quasi-experimental design.

The changes that occur as a person ages from child to adult to elderly are called cohort effects.

A researcher studies language development by selecting a sample of two-year-old children,a sample of three-year-old children,and a sample of four-year-old children.Each child's language skill is measured and the researcher plans to compare the scores for the three groups.This study is an example of a(n)____.

Differential research is an example of the quasi-experimental research strategy.

The pre-post designs are similar to within-subjects designs; however,in a pre-post design,it is impossible to ____.