Question 1

Which set of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) ​-0.91, +0.83, +0.10, -0.03 
B) ​-0.91, +0.83, -0.03, -0.10 
C) +0.83, +0.10, -0.91, -0.03 
D) ​+0.83, +0.10, -0.03, -0.91 
A) ​-0.91, +0.83, +0.10, -0.03 
B) ​-0.91, +0.83, -0.03, -0.10 
C) +0.83, +0.10, -0.91, -0.03 
D) ​+0.83, +0.10, -0.03, -0.91

Question 2

The goal of the correlational research strategy is demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Suppose it was observed that there is a correlation of r = -0.81 between a driver's age and the cost of the car insurance.This correlation would mean that,in general,older people pay more for car insurance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Describe the third-variable problem and the directionality problem in correlational research.Explain how these problems make it impossible to obtain an unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusion from a correlational study.

Accepted Answer

​The third-variable problem means that t

Question 5

Which pair of variables should produce a negative relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) ​square footage of a house and price of a house​ 
B) ​number of years of schooling and annual income 
C) age of child and verbal skill level 
D) ​speed of running and time to complete a race 
A) ​square footage of a house and price of a house​ 
B) ​number of years of schooling and annual income 
C) age of child and verbal skill level 
D) ​speed of running and time to complete a race

Question 6

A positive value for a correlation indicates ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y 
B) ​increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y 
C) a much stronger relationship than if the correlation were negative 
D) ​a much weaker relationship than if the correlation were negative 
A) ​increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y 
B) ​increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y 
C) a much stronger relationship than if the correlation were negative 
D) ​a much weaker relationship than if the correlation were negative

Question 7

A researcher watches children on a playground to obtain measurements of their level of activity.Then the researcher watches the children's caregivers on the playground to obtain measurements of their level of verbal reprimanding of children.The researcher hopes to demonstrate that the caregivers verbal reprimanding is related to children's activity level.This researcher is using a ____ research strategy.

Accepted Answer

A) ​descriptive 
B) ​correlational 
C) experimental 
D) ​scientific 
A) ​descriptive 
B) ​correlational 
C) experimental 
D) ​scientific

Question 8

The coefficient of determination is computed by taking the square root of the correlation coefficient.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

A researcher knows that there is a relationship between obesity and watching television for young children.However,it is not known whether children watch more TV because they are overweight,or whether they are overweight because they watch so much TV.This is an example of the third-variable problem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A statistically significant correlation means that the correlation is large and strong.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A defining characteristic of the correlational study is that the ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​research is conducted in field settings rather than in a laboratory 
B) ​intent is simply to describe behaviors 
C) intent is to demonstrate the relationship between variables 
D) ​research uses virtual reality rather than "real life" 
A) ​research is conducted in field settings rather than in a laboratory 
B) ​intent is simply to describe behaviors 
C) intent is to demonstrate the relationship between variables 
D) ​research uses virtual reality rather than "real life"

Question 12

The results from a research study indicate that adolescents who watch more sexual content on television also tend to engage in more sexual behavior that their peers.The correlation between amount of TV sexual content and amount of sexual behavior is an example of a ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​positive correlation 
B) ​negative correlation 
C) correlation near zero 
D) ​correlation near one 
A) ​positive correlation 
B) ​negative correlation 
C) correlation near zero 
D) ​correlation near one

Question 13

A researcher conducts a survey examining eating and sleeping behavior as well as academic performance for a group of elementary school children.The results of the survey indicate that the children who eat a more nutritious breakfast tend to have better grades than the children who have a breakfast low in nutrition.However,the research suspects that the children's parents may be responsible for this relationship.Specifically,the better-educated parents probably encourage their children to eat better food and work harder in school compared to parents with less education.If the researcher is correct,this is an example of the ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​third-variable problem 
B) ​directionality problem 
C) reversal problem 
D) ​criterion problem 
A) ​third-variable problem 
B) ​directionality problem 
C) reversal problem 
D) ​criterion problem

Question 14

To establish the concurrent validity of a measure,of academic motivation a researcher examines the ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) ​relationship between the scores from two administrations of the measure 
B) ​relationship between the measure and another measure 
C) mean difference between the scores from two administrations of the measure 
D) ​mean difference between the measure and another measure. 
A) ​relationship between the scores from two administrations of the measure 
B) ​relationship between the measure and another measure 
C) mean difference between the scores from two administrations of the measure 
D) ​mean difference between the measure and another measure.

Question 15

In a scatter plot,each ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​individual is represented by a single point 
B) ​group mean is represented by a single point 
C) individual is represented by two data points 
D) ​group mean is represented by two data points 
A) ​individual is represented by a single point 
B) ​group mean is represented by a single point 
C) individual is represented by two data points 
D) ​group mean is represented by two data points

Question 16

A statistically significant correlation means that ____.

Accepted Answer

A) ​the correlation is large 
B) ​the correlation is small 
C) the variables are unlikely to be related 
D) ​there is a real relationship between the variables 
A) ​the correlation is large 
B) ​the correlation is small 
C) the variables are unlikely to be related 
D) ​there is a real relationship between the variables

Question 17

A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right.Which value would be closest to the correlation for these data?

Accepted Answer

A) ​0.80 
B) ​0.40 
C) -0.40 
D) ​-0.80 
A) ​0.80 
B) ​0.40 
C) -0.40 
D) ​-0.80

Question 18

With a very large sample,even a very small correlation can be statistically significant,

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

If there is a consistent relationship between two variables such that Y tends to decrease each time X decreases,but not a linear relationship,then which correlation is designed to measure the consistency of the relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) ​a partial correlation 
B) ​a Spearman correlation 
C) a point-biserial correlation 
D) ​a phi-coefficient 
A) ​a partial correlation 
B) ​a Spearman correlation 
C) a point-biserial correlation 
D) ​a phi-coefficient

Question 20

Which research design is commonly used to help establish the reliability or validity of a measurement procedure?

Accepted Answer

A) ​observational research design 
B) ​survey research design 
C) case study design 
D) ​correlational design 
A) ​observational research design 
B) ​survey research design 
C) case study design 
D) ​correlational design

Which set of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?

The goal of the correlational research strategy is demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

Suppose it was observed that there is a correlation of r = -0.81 between a driver's age and the cost of the car insurance.This correlation would mean that,in general,older people pay more for car insurance.

Describe the third-variable problem and the directionality problem in correlational research.Explain how these problems make it impossible to obtain an unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusion from a correlational study.

Which pair of variables should produce a negative relationship?

A positive value for a correlation indicates ____.

The coefficient of determination is computed by taking the square root of the correlation coefficient.

A researcher knows that there is a relationship between obesity and watching television for young children.However,it is not known whether children watch more TV because they are overweight,or whether they are overweight because they watch so much TV.This is an example of the third-variable problem.

A statistically significant correlation means that the correlation is large and strong.

A defining characteristic of the correlational study is that the ____.

The results from a research study indicate that adolescents who watch more sexual content on television also tend to engage in more sexual behavior that their peers.The correlation between amount of TV sexual content and amount of sexual behavior is an example of a ____.

To establish the concurrent validity of a measure,of academic motivation a researcher examines the ____.

In a scatter plot,each ____.

A statistically significant correlation means that ____.

A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right.Which value would be closest to the correlation for these data?

With a very large sample,even a very small correlation can be statistically significant,

If there is a consistent relationship between two variables such that Y tends to decrease each time X decreases,but not a linear relationship,then which correlation is designed to measure the consistency of the relationship?

Which research design is commonly used to help establish the reliability or validity of a measurement procedure?

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Research Ideas and Hypotheses.

Defining and Measuring Variables.

Ethics in Research.

Selecting Research Participants.

Research Strategies and Validity.

The Experimental Research Strategy.

Experimental Designs: Between Subjects Design.

Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.

Factorial Designs.

The Descriptive Research Strategy.

Single-Subject Research Designs.

Statistical Evaluation of Data.

Writing an APA-Style Research Report.

Filters

Exam 12: The Correlational Research Strategy.

Which set of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?

The goal of the correlational research strategy is demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

Suppose it was observed that there is a correlation of r = -0.81 between a driver's age and the cost of the car insurance.This correlation would mean that,in general,older people pay more for car insurance.

Describe the third-variable problem and the directionality problem in correlational research.Explain how these problems make it impossible to obtain an unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusion from a correlational study.

Which pair of variables should produce a negative relationship?

A positive value for a correlation indicates ____.

The coefficient of determination is computed by taking the square root of the correlation coefficient.

A statistically significant correlation means that the correlation is large and strong.

A defining characteristic of the correlational study is that the ____.

The results from a research study indicate that adolescents who watch more sexual content on television also tend to engage in more sexual behavior that their peers.The correlation between amount of TV sexual content and amount of sexual behavior is an example of a ____.

To establish the concurrent validity of a measure,of academic motivation a researcher examines the ____.​

In a scatter plot,each ____.

A statistically significant correlation means that ____.

A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right.Which value would be closest to the correlation for these data?

With a very large sample,even a very small correlation can be statistically significant,

If there is a consistent relationship between two variables such that Y tends to decrease each time X decreases,but not a linear relationship,then which correlation is designed to measure the consistency of the relationship?

Which research design is commonly used to help establish the reliability or validity of a measurement procedure?

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method.

Research Ideas and Hypotheses.

Defining and Measuring Variables.

Ethics in Research.

Selecting Research Participants.

Research Strategies and Validity.

The Experimental Research Strategy.

Experimental Designs: Between Subjects Design.

Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group,Pre–Post,and Developmental Designs.

Factorial Designs.

The Descriptive Research Strategy.

Single-Subject Research Designs.

Statistical Evaluation of Data.

Writing an APA-Style Research Report.

Filters

To establish the concurrent validity of a measure,of academic motivation a researcher examines the ____.