Question 1

Which molecule carries an anticodon?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  rRNA 
D)  tRNA 
E)  ribosome 
A)  DNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  rRNA 
D)  tRNA 
E)  ribosome

Question 2

A drug that inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase ________ be a good antibiotic because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  would; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis 
B)  would NOT; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis, even our own cell's DNA synthesis 
C)  would; it would selectively inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis due to differences between bacterial/human gyrase 
D)  would NOT; the DNA replication machinery could still function, even with impaired DNA gyrase enzyme 
E)  would; it would selectively impair bacterial DNA structure thus killing the cells 
A)  would; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis 
B)  would NOT; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis, even our own cell's DNA synthesis 
C)  would; it would selectively inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis due to differences between bacterial/human gyrase 
D)  would NOT; the DNA replication machinery could still function, even with impaired DNA gyrase enzyme 
E)  would; it would selectively impair bacterial DNA structure thus killing the cells

Question 3

Which tasks must a bacterial cell accomplish in order to multiply?

Accepted Answer

A)  Replication, translation, protein synthesis 
B)  DNA duplication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis 
C)  Protein synthesis, mitosis, capsule formation 
D)  Mitosis, gene expression, apoptosis 
E)  DNA replication, mitosis, cytokinesis 
A)  Replication, translation, protein synthesis 
B)  DNA duplication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis 
C)  Protein synthesis, mitosis, capsule formation 
D)  Mitosis, gene expression, apoptosis 
E)  DNA replication, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 4

GCCCAAAG is a molecule of

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA. 
B)  DNA. 
C)  protein. 
D)  DNA OR lipid 
E)  Cannot tell as written. 
A)  RNA. 
B)  DNA. 
C)  protein. 
D)  DNA OR lipid 
E)  Cannot tell as written.

Question 5

Cells are often ground up with abrasive to get to their internal enzymes/molecules, followed by removal of the abrasives. Here are two situations and two outcomes. What is the correct interpretation of the results?
In situation #1, radioactive amino acids are mixed with ground-up cell material. Radioactive proteins are produced.
In situation #2, radioactive amino acids AND the enzyme RNAse (an enzyme that degrades RNA) are mixed with ground-up cell material. No radioactive proteins are produced.

Accepted Answer

A)  The mRNA from the cell can be used to make proteins with the radioactive amino acids in the first situation. In the second situation, the mRNA is destroyed by the RNAse before it can be translated into protein containing the radioactive amino acids. 
B)  The DNA from the cell can be translated into protein using the radioactive amino acids in the first situation. The RNAse in the second situation degrades the ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , preventing ribosomes from forming and making proteins with the radioactive amino acids. 
C)  The radioactivity in the amino acids corrupts the tRNA molecules, leading to no protein production in the second scenario. 
D)  The radioactivity in the medium causes the DNA of the bacteria to mutate. This causes a malfunction of all the enzymes of that cell. 
E)  The results cannot be interpreted-there isn't enough information given in the question. 
A)  The mRNA from the cell can be used to make proteins with the radioactive amino acids in the first situation. In the second situation, the mRNA is destroyed by the RNAse before it can be translated into protein containing the radioactive amino acids. 
B)  The DNA from the cell can be translated into protein using the radioactive amino acids in the first situation. The RNAse in the second situation degrades the ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , preventing ribosomes from forming and making proteins with the radioactive amino acids. 
C)  The radioactivity in the amino acids corrupts the tRNA molecules, leading to no protein production in the second scenario. 
D)  The radioactivity in the medium causes the DNA of the bacteria to mutate. This causes a malfunction of all the enzymes of that cell. 
E)  The results cannot be interpreted-there isn't enough information given in the question.

Question 6

Your niece has been diagnosed with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, an extremely rare disorder of the bone marrow that causes people have a low red blood cell (RBC) count. The disease is classified as a ribosomal protein disease, meaning that one or more of the genes involved in ribosome production is/are mutated, and the ribosomes are not synthesized properly. Although it is not currently understood why mutations in ribosome biosynthesis affect blood cell formation particularly, you are able to help your sister understand the role of ribosomes in the cell and the consequence of ribosome failure, so that she has a better grasp of her child's condition. 
-You explain to your sister that ribosomes are the site of ________ in cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  protein synthesis 
B)  lipid synthesis 
C)  peptidoglycan synthesis 
D)  DNA replication 
E)  the nucleolus 
A)  protein synthesis 
B)  lipid synthesis 
C)  peptidoglycan synthesis 
D)  DNA replication 
E)  the nucleolus

Question 7

One end of a strand of DNA is different from the other end.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Your patient has a fever of 39S1U1P1oS1S1P0C, sore throat, cough, and chest pain. You ask her whether she has had pneumococcal vaccine this year, which protects against the the 23 most common strains of the causative bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. She says she has not. Your patient has a number of questions that you answer to help her understand the genetics of the organism causing her illness.
-You tell your patient that the genetic code is used when translating mRNA to synthesize protein. You explain that the code is degenerate and that this is important because

Accepted Answer

A)  one codon codes for more than one amino acid. 
B)  one amino acid codes for more than one codon. 
C)  base-pairing errors made during transcription may not result in a change in the encoded protein. 
D)  one amino acid codes for more than one codon AND base-pairing errors made during transcription will result in a change in the encoded protein. 
E)  one codon codes for more than one amino acid AND base-pairing errors made during transcription may not result in a change in the encoded protein. 
A)  one codon codes for more than one amino acid. 
B)  one amino acid codes for more than one codon. 
C)  base-pairing errors made during transcription may not result in a change in the encoded protein. 
D)  one amino acid codes for more than one codon AND base-pairing errors made during transcription will result in a change in the encoded protein. 
E)  one codon codes for more than one amino acid AND base-pairing errors made during transcription may not result in a change in the encoded protein.

Question 9

Your patient has a fever of 39S1U1P1oS1S1P0C, sore throat, cough, and chest pain. You ask her whether she has had pneumococcal vaccine this year, which protects against the the 23 most common strains of the causative bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. She says she has not. Your patient has a number of questions that you answer to help her understand the genetics of the organism causing her illness.
-Your patient tells you she didn't get the flu vaccine either because she heard that she would have to get it every year. She doesn't understand why this is that case. You explain that flu viruses have two types of glycoprotein spikes that have a role in flu virus pathogenesis. Every year, minor changes occur in the genes that code for these spikes, resulting in slight changes in their amino acid sequence. These changes to the spikes on the surface of the virus is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  antigenic variation 
B)  phase variation 
C)  quorum sensing 
D)  two-component regulation 
E)  gene splicing 
A)  antigenic variation 
B)  phase variation 
C)  quorum sensing 
D)  two-component regulation 
E)  gene splicing

Question 10

The E-site

Accepted Answer

A)  is found on the RNA polymerase enzyme. 
B)  is responsible for the release of the tRNA. 
C)  is found on the 35S polysome. 
D)  is the aminoacyl site on the ribosome. 
E)  is another name for anticodon. 
A)  is found on the RNA polymerase enzyme. 
B)  is responsible for the release of the tRNA. 
C)  is found on the 35S polysome. 
D)  is the aminoacyl site on the ribosome. 
E)  is another name for anticodon.

Question 11

There are ________ codons to code for the 20 possible amino acids.

Accepted Answer

A)  20 
B)  30 
C)  61 
D)  64 
E)  3 
A)  20 
B)  30 
C)  61 
D)  64 
E)  3

Question 12

Your niece has been diagnosed with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, an extremely rare disorder of the bone marrow that causes people have a low red blood cell (RBC) count. The disease is classified as a ribosomal protein disease, meaning that one or more of the genes involved in ribosome production is/are mutated, and the ribosomes are not synthesized properly. Although it is not currently understood why mutations in ribosome biosynthesis affect blood cell formation particularly, you are able to help your sister understand the role of ribosomes in the cell and the consequence of ribosome failure, so that she has a better grasp of her child's condition. 
-Your sister asks you what the difference is between protein synthesis and translation. You explain to your sister that the process of generating proteins in a cell is called translation because the information for the protein is in the form of ________ but proteins are composed of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  codons; anticodons 
B)  anticodons; codons 
C)  amino acids; nucleic acids 
D)  nucleic acids; amino acids 
E)  70S; 80S 
A)  codons; anticodons 
B)  anticodons; codons 
C)  amino acids; nucleic acids 
D)  nucleic acids; amino acids 
E)  70S; 80S

Question 13

Your niece has been diagnosed with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, an extremely rare disorder of the bone marrow that causes people have a low red blood cell (RBC) count. The disease is classified as a ribosomal protein disease, meaning that one or more of the genes involved in ribosome production is/are mutated, and the ribosomes are not synthesized properly. Although it is not currently understood why mutations in ribosome biosynthesis affect blood cell formation particularly, you are able to help your sister understand the role of ribosomes in the cell and the consequence of ribosome failure, so that she has a better grasp of her child's condition. 
-Which of the following statements would NOT be good information for your sister?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ribosomes have two subunits-a large subunit and a small subunit. 
B)  Ribosomes catalyze peptide bond formation between amino acids. 
C)  Bacterial ribosomes and eukaryote ribosomes are identical. 
D)  Protein synthesis is an anabolic reaction and requires ATP. 
E)  Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell. 
A)  Ribosomes have two subunits-a large subunit and a small subunit. 
B)  Ribosomes catalyze peptide bond formation between amino acids. 
C)  Bacterial ribosomes and eukaryote ribosomes are identical. 
D)  Protein synthesis is an anabolic reaction and requires ATP. 
E)  Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Question 14

Quorum sensing

Accepted Answer

A)  is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells within their population AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria in their environment. 
B)  involves the production and monitoring of signaling molecules AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria within their population. 
C)  is used by bacteria to limit the density of cells in a population AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria within their environment. 
D)  involves the production and monitoring of signaling molecules AND is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells within their population. 
E)  is used by bacteria to limit the density of cells in a population AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of pathogens within their cells. 
A)  is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells within their population AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria in their environment. 
B)  involves the production and monitoring of signaling molecules AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria within their population. 
C)  is used by bacteria to limit the density of cells in a population AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria within their environment. 
D)  involves the production and monitoring of signaling molecules AND is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells within their population. 
E)  is used by bacteria to limit the density of cells in a population AND is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of pathogens within their cells.

Question 15

The placement of the amino acid during translation is determined by the

Accepted Answer

A)  DNase, which transcribes both molecules. 
B)  complementarity of the codon-anticodon. 
C)  sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of the tRNA. 
D)  secondary structure of the newly forming protein. 
E)  antiparallel nature of mRNA. 
A)  DNase, which transcribes both molecules. 
B)  complementarity of the codon-anticodon. 
C)  sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of the tRNA. 
D)  secondary structure of the newly forming protein. 
E)  antiparallel nature of mRNA.

Question 16

Transcription begins at the ________ and ends at the ________, while translation begins at the ________ and ends at the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  start codon; stop codon; promoter; terminator 
B)  promoter; stop codon; terminator; stop codon 
C)  promoter; start codon; terminator; stop codon 
D)  promoter; terminator; start codon; stop codon 
E)  initiator; ender; starter; stopper 
A)  start codon; stop codon; promoter; terminator 
B)  promoter; stop codon; terminator; stop codon 
C)  promoter; start codon; terminator; stop codon 
D)  promoter; terminator; start codon; stop codon 
E)  initiator; ender; starter; stopper

Question 17

The specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA to which the RNA polymerase binds is the

Accepted Answer

A)  regulatory region. 
B)  promoter region. 
C)  sigma region. 
D)  core region. 
E)  starter region. 
A)  regulatory region. 
B)  promoter region. 
C)  sigma region. 
D)  core region. 
E)  starter region.

Question 18

How can some bacteria sense the density of cells in an environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Detecting the concentration of a signaling molecule. 
B)  Quantifying the accumulation of waste products. 
C)  Measuring the depletion of oxygen in the environment. 
D)  Sensing the depletion of water in the environment. 
E)  Detecting the accumulation of endospores. 
A)  Detecting the concentration of a signaling molecule. 
B)  Quantifying the accumulation of waste products. 
C)  Measuring the depletion of oxygen in the environment. 
D)  Sensing the depletion of water in the environment. 
E)  Detecting the accumulation of endospores.

Question 19

The scientists responsible for the idea that RNA can act as a catalyst were

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson and Crick. 
B)  Beadle and Tatum. 
C)  Altman and Cech. 
D)  Lederberg and Stanley. 
E)  Curie and Curie. 
A)  Watson and Crick. 
B)  Beadle and Tatum. 
C)  Altman and Cech. 
D)  Lederberg and Stanley. 
E)  Curie and Curie.

Question 20

Gene regulation may entail

Accepted Answer

A)  turning on genes only when needed. 
B)  turning off genes when not needed. 
C)  turning on or off entire groups of genes. 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
E)  None of the answer choices is correct. 
A)  turning on genes only when needed. 
B)  turning off genes when not needed. 
C)  turning on or off entire groups of genes. 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
E)  None of the answer choices is correct.

Exam 7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Which molecule carries an anticodon?

A drug that inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase ________ be a good antibiotic because ________.

Which tasks must a bacterial cell accomplish in order to multiply?

GCCCAAAG is a molecule of

One end of a strand of DNA is different from the other end.

The E-site

There are ________ codons to code for the 20 possible amino acids.

Quorum sensing

The placement of the amino acid during translation is determined by the

Transcription begins at the ________ and ends at the ________, while translation begins at the ________ and ends at the ________.

The specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA to which the RNA polymerase binds is the

How can some bacteria sense the density of cells in an environment?

The scientists responsible for the idea that RNA can act as a catalyst were

Gene regulation may entail

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

Filters

A drug that inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase be a good antibiotic because .

Transcription begins at the and ends at the , while translation begins at the and ends at the .