Question 1

Operon(s) in bacteria

Accepted Answer

A)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve monocistronic mRNA. 
B)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve both monocistronic and polycistronic DNA. 
C)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve monocistronic DNA. 
D)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve polycistronic DNA. 
E)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve polycistronic mRNA. 
A)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve monocistronic mRNA. 
B)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve both monocistronic and polycistronic DNA. 
C)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve monocistronic DNA. 
D)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve polycistronic DNA. 
E)  refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinated manner AND involve polycistronic mRNA.

Question 2

Without changing the sequence or the orientation of the sequence(s), which is/are complementary to the sequence 5' AGGCUAAC 3'?

Accepted Answer

A)  5' TCCGATTG 3' 
B)  3' TCCGATTG 5' 
C)  5' CTTAGCCT 3' 
D)  3' TAAGCTTA 5' 
E)  3' TCCGATTC 5' AND 5' CTTAGCCT 3' 
A)  5' TCCGATTG 3' 
B)  3' TCCGATTG 5' 
C)  5' CTTAGCCT 3' 
D)  3' TAAGCTTA 5' 
E)  3' TCCGATTC 5' AND 5' CTTAGCCT 3'

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of phase variation?

Accepted Answer

A)  N. gonorrhoeae expressing different types of pilin protein. 
B)  Influenza virus expressing variations of glycoprotein HA and NA spikes. 
C)  S. pyogenes producing a capsule of hyaluronic acid, which is also a host component. 
D)  E. coli producing pili for attachment to epithelial cells. 
E)  These are all examples of phase variation. 
A)  N. gonorrhoeae expressing different types of pilin protein. 
B)  Influenza virus expressing variations of glycoprotein HA and NA spikes. 
C)  S. pyogenes producing a capsule of hyaluronic acid, which is also a host component. 
D)  E. coli producing pili for attachment to epithelial cells. 
E)  These are all examples of phase variation.

Question 4

The simultaneous regulation of many bacterial genes is

Accepted Answer

A)  quorum sensing. 
B)  a regulon. 
C)  local control. 
D)  induction. 
E)  global control. 
A)  quorum sensing. 
B)  a regulon. 
C)  local control. 
D)  induction. 
E)  global control.

Question 5

Ribozymes

Accepted Answer

A)  are complexes of ribosomes and RNA. 
B)  are self-catalytic RNA. 
C)  suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins. 
D)  are enzymes that degrade RNA and therefore have potential for clinical applications. 
E)  are self-catalytic RNA AND suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins. 
A)  are complexes of ribosomes and RNA. 
B)  are self-catalytic RNA. 
C)  suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins. 
D)  are enzymes that degrade RNA and therefore have potential for clinical applications. 
E)  are self-catalytic RNA AND suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins.

Question 6

When E. coli is placed in a medium containing both glucose and lactose, why does cell growth stop temporarily when the glucose is used up?

Accepted Answer

A)  Once glucose is depleted, the cell must use the lactose; before it can do this, it must express the lac operon and synthesize the enzymes needed to use lactose, which takes time. 
B)  Once lactose is depleted, the cell must use the glucose; before it can do this, it must express the lac operon and synthesize the enzymes needed to use lactose, which takes time. 
C)  Once glucose is depleted, the cell must use the lactose; before it can do this, it must express the lac operon-it can only do this if the culture medium is placed in the dark at 22ᵒC. 
D)  Glucose is the preferred medium of the cells-when it is available, they grow extremely fast, and this depletes all the energy in the cell which must be replaced before it can use lactose. 
E)  The presence of glucose denatures the lactose in the medium; once the glucose is depleted, the lactose has to regain its original shape before the cells can use it. 
A)  Once glucose is depleted, the cell must use the lactose; before it can do this, it must express the lac operon and synthesize the enzymes needed to use lactose, which takes time. 
B)  Once lactose is depleted, the cell must use the glucose; before it can do this, it must express the lac operon and synthesize the enzymes needed to use lactose, which takes time. 
C)  Once glucose is depleted, the cell must use the lactose; before it can do this, it must express the lac operon-it can only do this if the culture medium is placed in the dark at 22ᵒC. 
D)  Glucose is the preferred medium of the cells-when it is available, they grow extremely fast, and this depletes all the energy in the cell which must be replaced before it can use lactose. 
E)  The presence of glucose denatures the lactose in the medium; once the glucose is depleted, the lactose has to regain its original shape before the cells can use it.

Question 7

The DNA site to which the repressor protein binds is the

Accepted Answer

A)  operon. 
B)  regulon. 
C)  operator. 
D)  repressor. 
E)  starter. 
A)  operon. 
B)  regulon. 
C)  operator. 
D)  repressor. 
E)  starter.

Question 8

The 3' end of DNA

Accepted Answer

A)  has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose. 
B)  attaches to the 3' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide. 
C)  always has thymine and uracil attached to it. 
D)  usually has guanine and guanine attached to it. 
E)  has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of ribose. 
A)  has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose. 
B)  attaches to the 3' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide. 
C)  always has thymine and uracil attached to it. 
D)  usually has guanine and guanine attached to it. 
E)  has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of ribose.

Question 9

Your patient has a fever of 39S1U1P1oS1S1P0C, sore throat, cough, and chest pain. You ask her whether she has had pneumococcal vaccine this year, which protects against the the 23 most common strains of the causative bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. She says she has not. Your patient has a number of questions that you answer to help her understand the genetics of the organism causing her illness.
-You explain that transcription starts at a particular region on the DNA template called the ________, and ends at a sequence called the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  promoter; stop codon 
B)  promoter; terminator 
C)  start codon; terminator 
D)  start codon; stop codon 
E)  initiator; terminator 
A)  promoter; stop codon 
B)  promoter; terminator 
C)  start codon; terminator 
D)  start codon; stop codon 
E)  initiator; terminator

Question 10

Antisense RNA is the complement of the plus strand and may be useful in inhibiting translation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Negative control means a regulator molecule is

Accepted Answer

A)  bound, and transcription starts. 
B)  removed, and transcription is inhibited. 
C)  bound, and transcription is inhibited. 
D)  removed, and transcription starts. 
E)  bound, and transcription is inhibited OR removed, and transcription starts. 
A)  bound, and transcription starts. 
B)  removed, and transcription is inhibited. 
C)  bound, and transcription is inhibited. 
D)  removed, and transcription starts. 
E)  bound, and transcription is inhibited OR removed, and transcription starts.

Question 12

For synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur,

Accepted Answer

A)  a compound must bind to the repressor. 
B)  a compound must bind to the operator. 
C)  a product must bind to the terminator. 
D)  a corepressor must bind to the start codon. 
E)  lactose must be present without fructose. 
A)  a compound must bind to the repressor. 
B)  a compound must bind to the operator. 
C)  a product must bind to the terminator. 
D)  a corepressor must bind to the start codon. 
E)  lactose must be present without fructose.

Question 13

Which pair is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Okazaki fragments-generated on the lagging strand during DNA replication. 
B)  Splicing-removal of introns from prokaryote mRNA following transcription. 
C)  Signal transduction-transmission of information from outside a cell to inside the cell. 
D)  Constitutive enzymes-enzymes that are constantly produced by a cell. 
E)  Promoter-nucleotide sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to start transcription. 
A)  Okazaki fragments-generated on the lagging strand during DNA replication. 
B)  Splicing-removal of introns from prokaryote mRNA following transcription. 
C)  Signal transduction-transmission of information from outside a cell to inside the cell. 
D)  Constitutive enzymes-enzymes that are constantly produced by a cell. 
E)  Promoter-nucleotide sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.

Question 14

The regulatory protein

Accepted Answer

A)  binds to the promoter region of DNA. 
B)  may inhibit or enhance transcription. 
C)  may control translation of the operon. 
D)  affects the activity of the DNA polymerase. 
E)  binds to the operator region of RNA. 
A)  binds to the promoter region of DNA. 
B)  may inhibit or enhance transcription. 
C)  may control translation of the operon. 
D)  affects the activity of the DNA polymerase. 
E)  binds to the operator region of RNA.

Question 15

DNA polymerases

Accepted Answer

A)  add nucleotides to the 3' end of RNA during transcription. 
B)  generate short stretches of RNA called primers to initiate replication. 
C)  unwind the DNA template at the replication fork. 
D)  move in a 3' to 5' direction on the template DNA. 
E)  only add nucleotides to the leading strand during replication. 
A)  add nucleotides to the 3' end of RNA during transcription. 
B)  generate short stretches of RNA called primers to initiate replication. 
C)  unwind the DNA template at the replication fork. 
D)  move in a 3' to 5' direction on the template DNA. 
E)  only add nucleotides to the leading strand during replication.

Question 16

Why is the position of the first AUG after the ribosome binding site critical?

Accepted Answer

A)  Every polypeptide must start with methionine. 
B)  It initiates transcription. 
C)  Every polypeptide must start with arginine. 
D)  It establishes the reading frame. 
E)  Every polypeptide must end with methionine. 
A)  Every polypeptide must start with methionine. 
B)  It initiates transcription. 
C)  Every polypeptide must start with arginine. 
D)  It establishes the reading frame. 
E)  Every polypeptide must end with methionine.

Question 17

When E. coli is grown in medium containing both glucose and lactose,

Accepted Answer

A)  the cells growth fastest after lactose is used up. 
B)  the cells use lactose first, then glucose. 
C)  the cells grow fastest initially when glucose is available. 
D)  the cells use the glucose and then stop growing. 
E)  the cells grow at the same rate until all sugars are depleted. 
A)  the cells growth fastest after lactose is used up. 
B)  the cells use lactose first, then glucose. 
C)  the cells grow fastest initially when glucose is available. 
D)  the cells use the glucose and then stop growing. 
E)  the cells grow at the same rate until all sugars are depleted.

Question 18

DNA is characterized by which of the following feature(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ribose AND single-stranded 
B)  Single-stranded AND uracil 
C)  Deoxyribose AND single-stranded 
D)  Deoxyribose AND thymine 
E)  Thymine AND uracil 
A)  Ribose AND single-stranded 
B)  Single-stranded AND uracil 
C)  Deoxyribose AND single-stranded 
D)  Deoxyribose AND thymine 
E)  Thymine AND uracil

Question 19

Your patient has a fever of 39S1U1P1oS1S1P0C, sore throat, cough, and chest pain. You ask her whether she has had pneumococcal vaccine this year, which protects against the the 23 most common strains of the causative bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. She says she has not. Your patient has a number of questions that you answer to help her understand the genetics of the organism causing her illness.
-You remind your patient that information for proteins is encoded in DNA ________. These are copied into ________ in the mRNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  triplets; codons 
B)  codons; triplets 
C)  nucleotides; codons 
D)  codons; anticodons 
E)  anticodons; triplets 
A)  triplets; codons 
B)  codons; triplets 
C)  nucleotides; codons 
D)  codons; anticodons 
E)  anticodons; triplets

Question 20

The ribosomes

Accepted Answer

A)  move along the tRNA in a 3'-5' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
B)  move along the mRNA in a 3'-5' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
C)  move along the mRNA in a 5'-3' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
D)  move along the DNA in a 5'-3' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
E)  move along the DNA in a 3'-5' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
A)  move along the tRNA in a 3'-5' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
B)  move along the mRNA in a 3'-5' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
C)  move along the mRNA in a 5'-3' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
D)  move along the DNA in a 5'-3' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining. 
E)  move along the DNA in a 3'-5' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining.

Exam 7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Operon(s) in bacteria

Without changing the sequence or the orientation of the sequence(s), which is/are complementary to the sequence 5' AGGCUAAC 3'?

Which of the following is an example of phase variation?

The simultaneous regulation of many bacterial genes is

Ribozymes

When E. coli is placed in a medium containing both glucose and lactose, why does cell growth stop temporarily when the glucose is used up?

The DNA site to which the repressor protein binds is the

The 3' end of DNA

Antisense RNA is the complement of the plus strand and may be useful in inhibiting translation.

Negative control means a regulator molecule is

For synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur,

Which pair is INCORRECT?

The regulatory protein

DNA polymerases

Why is the position of the first AUG after the ribosome binding site critical?

When E. coli is grown in medium containing both glucose and lactose,

DNA is characterized by which of the following feature(s)?

The ribosomes

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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