Question 1

Glucose

Accepted Answer

A)  is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels are correlated with cAMP levels. 
B)  is preferentially used over sucrose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels are directly sensed via catabolite repression. 
C)  is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND glucose levels are the inverse of cAMP levels. 
D)  is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels directly affect the production of lactose dehydrogenase. 
E)  is preferentially used over sucrose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels are correlated with cAMP levels. 
A)  is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels are correlated with cAMP levels. 
B)  is preferentially used over sucrose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels are directly sensed via catabolite repression. 
C)  is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND glucose levels are the inverse of cAMP levels. 
D)  is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels directly affect the production of lactose dehydrogenase. 
E)  is preferentially used over sucrose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND levels are correlated with cAMP levels.

Question 2

Your niece has been diagnosed with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, an extremely rare disorder of the bone marrow that causes people have a low red blood cell (RBC) count. The disease is classified as a ribosomal protein disease, meaning that one or more of the genes involved in ribosome production is/are mutated, and the ribosomes are not synthesized properly. Although it is not currently understood why mutations in ribosome biosynthesis affect blood cell formation particularly, you are able to help your sister understand the role of ribosomes in the cell and the consequence of ribosome failure, so that she has a better grasp of her child's condition. 
-Ribosomes are involved in generating proteins in a cell. The other components directly needed for this process to occur are

Accepted Answer

A)  mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids 
B)  mRNA, tRNA, and nucleic acids 
C)  DNA, DNA polymerase, and amino acids 
D)  a nucleus, tRNA, and amino acids 
E)  a nucleolus, tRNA, and nucleic acids 
A)  mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids 
B)  mRNA, tRNA, and nucleic acids 
C)  DNA, DNA polymerase, and amino acids 
D)  a nucleus, tRNA, and amino acids 
E)  a nucleolus, tRNA, and nucleic acids

Question 3

The set of genes in bacteria that are linked together and transcribed as a single unit is referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  operon. 
B)  regulon. 
C)  operator. 
D)  repressor. 
E)  promoter. 
A)  operon. 
B)  regulon. 
C)  operator. 
D)  repressor. 
E)  promoter.

Question 4

What structure is indicated by: 10A, 15T, 3G, 7C?

Accepted Answer

A)  Double-stranded DNA 
B)  Double-stranded RNA 
C)  Single-stranded DNA 
D)  Single-stranded RNA 
E)  A DNA virus 
A)  Double-stranded DNA 
B)  Double-stranded RNA 
C)  Single-stranded DNA 
D)  Single-stranded RNA 
E)  A DNA virus

Question 5

The molecules that bind to a repressor and cause it to no longer bind to the operator are called

Accepted Answer

A)  activators. 
B)  repressors. 
C)  introns. 
D)  inducers. 
E)  stimulons. 
A)  activators. 
B)  repressors. 
C)  introns. 
D)  inducers. 
E)  stimulons.

Question 6

RNAi

Accepted Answer

A)  is the form of mRNA that initiates translation in most pathogenic bacteria. 
B)  uses short pieces of double-stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts. 
C)  is a mechanism of genetic regulation found in all prokaryotes. 
D)  is any chemical that inhibits transcription. 
E)  uses short pieces of single-stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts 
A)  is the form of mRNA that initiates translation in most pathogenic bacteria. 
B)  uses short pieces of double-stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts. 
C)  is a mechanism of genetic regulation found in all prokaryotes. 
D)  is any chemical that inhibits transcription. 
E)  uses short pieces of single-stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts

Question 7

A graduate student is trying to isolate bacterial mRNA for an enzyme that will degrade trinitrotoluene (TNT). She's frustrated to find that the enzyme isn't produced when the bacterium in question is grown on nutrient agar. What might she do to solve the problem and obtain the mRNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  Add nitrogen and toluene to the agar which will drive up synthesis of TNT, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for. 
B)  Add TNT to the agar-this will drive synthesis of the enzyme to degrade it, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for. 
C)  Remove glucose from the agar-this will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds for their energy purposes. 
D)  Remove nitrogen and toluene from the agar which will lead to driving up synthesis of TNT, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for. 
E)  Remove TNT from the nutrient agar; it acts as an inhibitor of all microbial growth, and prevents the bacteria from synthesizing any enzymes at all. 
A)  Add nitrogen and toluene to the agar which will drive up synthesis of TNT, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for. 
B)  Add TNT to the agar-this will drive synthesis of the enzyme to degrade it, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for. 
C)  Remove glucose from the agar-this will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds for their energy purposes. 
D)  Remove nitrogen and toluene from the agar which will lead to driving up synthesis of TNT, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for. 
E)  Remove TNT from the nutrient agar; it acts as an inhibitor of all microbial growth, and prevents the bacteria from synthesizing any enzymes at all.

Question 8

Your patient has a fever of 39S1U1P1oS1S1P0C, sore throat, cough, and chest pain. You ask her whether she has had pneumococcal vaccine this year, which protects against the the 23 most common strains of the causative bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. She says she has not. Your patient has a number of questions that you answer to help her understand the genetics of the organism causing her illness.
-Your patient somewhat remembers the details of replication but can't really recall what role various enzymes play in the process. You give her the information. Which of the following would you NOT tell her?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA gyrase temporarily breaks the strands of DNA, relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix. 
B)  DNA polymerases synthesize the new stand of DNA using the parent strand as a template. 
C)  The antiparallel strands of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase. 
D)  Helicase unwind the DNA helix at the replication fork. 
E)  Primase synthesizes small fragments of RNA to serve as primers for DNA synthesis. 
A)  DNA gyrase temporarily breaks the strands of DNA, relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix. 
B)  DNA polymerases synthesize the new stand of DNA using the parent strand as a template. 
C)  The antiparallel strands of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase. 
D)  Helicase unwind the DNA helix at the replication fork. 
E)  Primase synthesizes small fragments of RNA to serve as primers for DNA synthesis.

Question 9

Your niece has been diagnosed with Diamond-Blackfan anemia, an extremely rare disorder of the bone marrow that causes people have a low red blood cell (RBC) count. The disease is classified as a ribosomal protein disease, meaning that one or more of the genes involved in ribosome production is/are mutated, and the ribosomes are not synthesized properly. Although it is not currently understood why mutations in ribosome biosynthesis affect blood cell formation particularly, you are able to help your sister understand the role of ribosomes in the cell and the consequence of ribosome failure, so that she has a better grasp of her child's condition. 
-One of the genes affected in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia is called RPS19. This gene plays a role in maturation of the 40S subunit. Your sister tells you she heard that protein synthesis can occur normally if the large ribosomal subunit is present, even if the small subunit is not because the large subunit is the part that decodes the information. You tell her that this is

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Post-translational modification may include

Accepted Answer

A)  formation of exons and introns. 
B)  folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones. 
C)  removal of the signal sequence. 
D)  addition of glycine tags. 
E)  folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones, AND removal of the signal sequence. 
A)  formation of exons and introns. 
B)  folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones. 
C)  removal of the signal sequence. 
D)  addition of glycine tags. 
E)  folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones, AND removal of the signal sequence.

Question 11

Adenine binds to thymine via three hydrogen bonds.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which is True about DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is semiconservative. 
B)  It starts at an origin of replication. 
C)  It is bidirectional. 
D)  It requires RNA primers. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  It is semiconservative. 
B)  It starts at an origin of replication. 
C)  It is bidirectional. 
D)  It requires RNA primers. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

The P-site

Accepted Answer

A)  is found on the polymerase enzyme. 
B)  is an allosteric site on an enzyme. 
C)  is a promoter site on the ribosome. 
D)  is the peptidyl site on the ribosome. 
E)  is an allosteric site AND is a promoter site. 
A)  is found on the polymerase enzyme. 
B)  is an allosteric site on an enzyme. 
C)  is a promoter site on the ribosome. 
D)  is the peptidyl site on the ribosome. 
E)  is an allosteric site AND is a promoter site.

Question 14

Some segments of the precursor mRNA in eukaryotes are non-coding and are called

Accepted Answer

A)  exons. 
B)  introns. 
C)  integrans. 
D)  uselessans. 
E)  genes. 
A)  exons. 
B)  introns. 
C)  integrans. 
D)  uselessans. 
E)  genes.

Exam 7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Glucose

The set of genes in bacteria that are linked together and transcribed as a single unit is referred to as a(n)

What structure is indicated by: 10A, 15T, 3G, 7C?

The molecules that bind to a repressor and cause it to no longer bind to the operator are called

RNAi

A graduate student is trying to isolate bacterial mRNA for an enzyme that will degrade trinitrotoluene (TNT). She's frustrated to find that the enzyme isn't produced when the bacterium in question is grown on nutrient agar. What might she do to solve the problem and obtain the mRNA?

Post-translational modification may include

Adenine binds to thymine via three hydrogen bonds.

Which is True about DNA replication?

The P-site

Some segments of the precursor mRNA in eukaryotes are non-coding and are called

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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