Exam 1: History, Theories, and Methods

An educator encourages children in her class to discover their environment and work on projects that stimulate their interests. How does this educator view children?

Freud believed that insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems.

Children adapt to their environments through assimilation and accommodation, according to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child may become fixated in the oral stage of development. In Freud's view, what experience can lead to this type of fixation?

According to ecological system theory, only genetic factors are worthy of study.

A conditioned stimulus occurs without prior learning.

Teachers and parents use scaffolding to help children reach a more advanced level of performance than would be possible without assistance.

Which of the following indicates the strongest correlation?

What is ethology an example of?

How do negative reinforcers differ from punishments?

Negative reinforcement will decrease a desired behaviour when removed.

According to behaviourists, once a behaviour has been learned, it cannot be extinguished.

Mary is holding her newborn daughter and comments on her gentle temperament. If Freud were in the room, what might he state is the only part of the child's personality that is present?

Baby Thomas has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things he can't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib. According to Piaget, what term refers to these cognitive structures?

Independent variables are manipulated by the experimenter.

What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

What is the function of schemas?

What is the independent variable?

Which type of problem is the cohort effect?

The sociocultural perspective focuses on children's aggressive and sexual impulses.