Question 1

The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) takes place in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Mitochondrial matrix 
B) Inner mitochondrial membrane 
C) Outer mitochondrial membrane 
D) Inner mitochondrial space 
A) Mitochondrial matrix 
B) Inner mitochondrial membrane 
C) Outer mitochondrial membrane 
D) Inner mitochondrial space A

Question 2

The cell membrane is least permeable to which of the following substances?

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Oxygen 
C) Ethanol 
D) Carbon dioxide 
E) Water 
A) Sodium 
B) Oxygen 
C) Ethanol 
D) Carbon dioxide 
E) Water A

Question 3

The observation that abnormal cleavage of mannose residues from glycoproteins causes an autoimmune disease in mice is most consistent with the role of which of the following structures in the normal immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) Cytoskeleton 
B) Glycocalyx 
C) Peroxisomes 
D) Lysosomes 
E) Microtubules 
A) Cytoskeleton 
B) Glycocalyx 
C) Peroxisomes 
D) Lysosomes 
E) Microtubules B

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the glycocalyx of a cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude into cytosol 
B) Negatively charged carbohydrate layer on cell surface 
C) Layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of plasma membrane 
D) Large glycogen stores found in "fast" muscles 
E) A mechanism of cell-cell attachment 
A) Negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude into cytosol 
B) Negatively charged carbohydrate layer on cell surface 
C) Layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of plasma membrane 
D) Large glycogen stores found in "fast" muscles 
E) A mechanism of cell-cell attachment

Question 5

Ubiquinone, an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation), is found in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Inner mitochondrial membrane 
B) Mitochondrial matrix 
C) Outer mitochondrial membrane 
D) Nucleus 
A) Inner mitochondrial membrane 
B) Mitochondrial matrix 
C) Outer mitochondrial membrane 
D) Nucleus

Question 6

Proteins are sorted for their delivery to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Golgi apparatus 
B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
C) Nucleus 
D) Endocytotic vesicle 
A) Golgi apparatus 
B) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
C) Nucleus 
D) Endocytotic vesicle

Question 7

The abnormal cleavage of mannose residues during the posttranslational processing of glycoproteins has been shown to result in the development of a lupus-like autoimmune disease in mice. The abnormal cleavage is due to a mutation of the enzyme F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-mannosidase II. Based on your understanding of the processing of membrane proteins, you would predict this enzyme to be localized to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Nucleus 
B) Cytosol 
C) Golgi apparatus 
D) Lysosomes 
E) Peroxisomes 
A) Nucleus 
B) Cytosol 
C) Golgi apparatus 
D) Lysosomes 
E) Peroxisomes

Question 8

This cytoskeletal element plays a role in certain forms of cell movement and is an essential component of the mitotic spindle ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) Phospholipids 
B) Glycocalyx 
C) F-actin 
D) Microtubules 
E) Clathrin 
A) Phospholipids 
B) Glycocalyx 
C) F-actin 
D) Microtubules 
E) Clathrin

Question 9

A pure phospholipid bilayer is most permeable to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Calcium 
C) Chloride 
D) Water 
E) Oxygen 
A) Sodium 
B) Calcium 
C) Chloride 
D) Water 
E) Oxygen

Question 10

Lipid synthesis occurs in which of the following locations?

Accepted Answer

A) Trans-Golgi network 
B) Granular, or "rough," endoplasmic reticulum 
C) Agranular, or "smooth," endoplasmic reticulum 
D) Nucleus 
E) Lysosome 
A) Trans-Golgi network 
B) Granular, or "rough," endoplasmic reticulum 
C) Agranular, or "smooth," endoplasmic reticulum 
D) Nucleus 
E) Lysosome

Question 11

Which of the following substances in most likely to represent the highest percent of cell mass in a typical cell of the body?

Accepted Answer

A) Carbohydrates 
B) Ions 
C) Lipids 
D) Proteins 
E) Water 
A) Carbohydrates 
B) Ions 
C) Lipids 
D) Proteins 
E) Water

Question 12

Which of the following is true for both pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Involves recruitment of actin filaments 
B) Occurs spontaneously and nonselectively 
C) Permits uptake of bacterium into cytosol 
D) Is only observed in macrophages and neutrophils 
E) Does not require adenosine triphosphate 
A) Involves recruitment of actin filaments 
B) Occurs spontaneously and nonselectively 
C) Permits uptake of bacterium into cytosol 
D) Is only observed in macrophages and neutrophils 
E) Does not require adenosine triphosphate

Question 13

Protein molecules are most likely to be actively folded and cross-linked in which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A) Granular endoplasmic reticulum 
B) Lysosome 
C) Ribosome 
D) Golgi apparatus 
E) Secretory granule 
A) Granular endoplasmic reticulum 
B) Lysosome 
C) Ribosome 
D) Golgi apparatus 
E) Secretory granule

Question 14

Cholesterol in the cell membrane most likely serves which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

A) Increases membrane permeability 
B) Increases membrane turnover 
C) Decreases membrane fluidity 
D) Decreases membrane stability 
A) Increases membrane permeability 
B) Increases membrane turnover 
C) Decreases membrane fluidity 
D) Decreases membrane stability

Question 15

All the following processes depend on adenosine triphosphate except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Ciliary movement 
B) Positive chemotaxis 
C) Movement of oxygen across lipid bilayer 
D) Endocytosis 
E) Smooth muscle contraction 
A) Ciliary movement 
B) Positive chemotaxis 
C) Movement of oxygen across lipid bilayer 
D) Endocytosis 
E) Smooth muscle contraction

Exam 2: The Cell and Its Functions

The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) takes place in which of the following?

The cell membrane is least permeable to which of the following substances?

The observation that abnormal cleavage of mannose residues from glycoproteins causes an autoimmune disease in mice is most consistent with the role of which of the following structures in the normal immune response?

Which of the following best describes the glycocalyx of a cell?

Ubiquinone, an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation), is found in which of the following?

Proteins are sorted for their delivery to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane in which of the following?

This cytoskeletal element plays a role in certain forms of cell movement and is an essential component of the mitotic spindle ____________.

A pure phospholipid bilayer is most permeable to which of the following?

Lipid synthesis occurs in which of the following locations?

Which of the following substances in most likely to represent the highest percent of cell mass in a typical cell of the body?

Which of the following is true for both pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

Protein molecules are most likely to be actively folded and cross-linked in which of the following structures?

Cholesterol in the cell membrane most likely serves which of the following functions?

All the following processes depend on adenosine triphosphate except which of the following?

Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the Internal Environment

Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction

Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes

Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle; the Heart As a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves

Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart

The Normal Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis

Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation

Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance

Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems

The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow

Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow

Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure

Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: the Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation

Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation

Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease

Cardiac Failure

Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects

Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment

The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema

Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia

Resistance of the Body to Infection: I Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation

Resistance of the Body to Infection: Ii Immunity and Allergy

Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation

Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Pulmonary Ventilation

Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid

Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids

Regulation of Respiration

Respiratory Insufficiencypathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy

Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology

Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions

Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

Somatic Sensations: I General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses

Somatic Sensations: II Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

The Eye: I Optics of Vision

The Eye: II Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina

The Eye: III Central Neurophysiology of Vision

The Sense of Hearing

The Chemical Sensestaste and Smell

Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes

Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brainthe Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

States of Brain Activitysleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla

Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism

General Principles of Gastrointestinal Functionmotility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation

Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract

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