Question 1

One of the most important applications of consistency to social phenomena is called attribution theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which of the following statements about attitudes is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Automatic and deliberate attitudes are similar in their impact on behavior. 
B) Automatic attitudes are more difficult to measure than deliberate attitudes. 
C) Automatic and deliberate attitudes are equally impossible to measure. 
D)  Deliberate attitudes are more difficult to measure than automatic attitudes. 
A) Automatic and deliberate attitudes are similar in their impact on behavior. 
B) Automatic attitudes are more difficult to measure than deliberate attitudes. 
C) Automatic and deliberate attitudes are equally impossible to measure. 
D)  Deliberate attitudes are more difficult to measure than automatic attitudes.

Question 3

Which of the following is the best example of social learning?

Accepted Answer

A) You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too. 
B) Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there. 
C) You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class; your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well. 
D) After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office. 
A) You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too. 
B) Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there. 
C) You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class; your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well. 
D) After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office.

Question 4

Research has shown children can identify good and bad categories, and especially the "bad", very early in life. This highlights which psychological principle?

Accepted Answer

A) Good and bad are innate categories. 
B) Good and bad are arbitrary categories. 
C) Bad is stronger than good. 
D) Good is stronger than bad. 
A) Good and bad are innate categories. 
B) Good and bad are arbitrary categories. 
C) Bad is stronger than good. 
D) Good is stronger than bad.

Question 5

According to the text, the drive for consistency is ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) likely to be rooted in our biological nature 
B) likely to involve the conscious mind only (and not the unconscious mind)​ 
C) far more prevalent in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures ​ 
D) far more prevalent in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures ​ 
A) likely to be rooted in our biological nature 
B) likely to involve the conscious mind only (and not the unconscious mind)​ 
C) far more prevalent in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures ​ 
D) far more prevalent in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures ​

Question 6

Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak eating to reduce this dissonance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The fact that the gap between pro-condom attitudes and non-condom-using behaviors is larger among women than men best demonstrates ____.

Accepted Answer

A) effort justification 
B) post-decision dissonance 
C) attitude-behavior consistency 
D) attitude polarization 
A) effort justification 
B) post-decision dissonance 
C) attitude-behavior consistency 
D) attitude polarization

Question 8

Attitude polarization refers to the finding that ____.

Accepted Answer

A) when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become more extreme 
B) when people reflect on a given attitude, they tend to become more open-minded with respect to that attitude 
C) people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have extreme views about than issues that they have moderate views about 
D) people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have moderate views about than issues that they have extreme views about 
A) when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become more extreme 
B) when people reflect on a given attitude, they tend to become more open-minded with respect to that attitude 
C) people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have extreme views about than issues that they have moderate views about 
D) people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have moderate views about than issues that they have extreme views about

Question 9

Research on gender differences in sex-related attitudes and behaviors indicates that men show relatively more attitude-behavior consistency when it comes to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) homosexual (same-sex)behavior 
B) infidelity (cheating behavior) 
C) both homosexual (same-sex)behavior and infidelity (cheating) 
D) neither homosexual (same-sex)behavior nor infidelity (cheating) 
A) homosexual (same-sex)behavior 
B) infidelity (cheating behavior) 
C) both homosexual (same-sex)behavior and infidelity (cheating) 
D) neither homosexual (same-sex)behavior nor infidelity (cheating)

Question 10

Which one of the following statements best describes cognitive dissonance theory?

Accepted Answer

A) "People don't like to be hypocrites." 
B) "People are very stubborn about holding onto their attitudes." 
C) "People have a hard time seeing things from others' perspective." 
D) "People prefer others who share their opinions and attitudes." 
A) "People don't like to be hypocrites." 
B) "People are very stubborn about holding onto their attitudes." 
C) "People have a hard time seeing things from others' perspective." 
D) "People prefer others who share their opinions and attitudes."

Question 11

Suppose that Anandi was mugged at gunpoint and that it was an extremely traumatic experience. Which of the following cognitive reactions is MOST likely to help her recover?

Accepted Answer

A) "I should have never gone into that neighborhood alone, especially not with my fancy car. It's clear why this happened. I made myself an obvious target." 
B) "The event was totally random. It could have happened to anyone, at any time, in any place." 
C) "Why was I attacked? Why me? Why now? What did I do to deserve this?" 
D) "The world is just an unpredictable, dangerous place. I just need to accept that and move on." 
A) "I should have never gone into that neighborhood alone, especially not with my fancy car. It's clear why this happened. I made myself an obvious target." 
B) "The event was totally random. It could have happened to anyone, at any time, in any place." 
C) "Why was I attacked? Why me? Why now? What did I do to deserve this?" 
D) "The world is just an unpredictable, dangerous place. I just need to accept that and move on."

Question 12

What might BEST explain the development of prejudice against social groups that are frequently associated with negative information in the media, such as a religious group being associated with terrorism?

Accepted Answer

A) Operant conditioning 
B) Classical conditioning 
C) Vicarious learning 
D) Observational learning 
A) Operant conditioning 
B) Classical conditioning 
C) Vicarious learning 
D) Observational learning

Question 13

In the process of classical conditioning, a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

A) neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response 
D) conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus 
A) neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus 
B) unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response 
D) conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

Suppose that you show your uncle an abstract painting that you have made and ask for his immediate, unedited reaction. Your uncle says he has no opinion about it. "I am not familiar with abstract art," he tells you, "therefore I don't know how to evaluate it; and I have no intuitive feeling about it." Could this be possible?

Accepted Answer

A) No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic evaluation, however.) 
B) Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations when they are highly familiar with the stimulus category; your uncle will probably need more time to make a conscious opinion. 
C) Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations of other people-not of stimuli such as paintings. Your uncle will probably need more time to form a conscious opinion of your painting. 
D) It is impossible to say; some people form automatic evaluations about everything (and if your uncle is one of these people, then he is lying when he says he has no opinion), but other people form automatic evaluations only sometimes. 
A) No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic evaluation, however.) 
B) Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations when they are highly familiar with the stimulus category; your uncle will probably need more time to make a conscious opinion. 
C) Yes. Research suggests that people only make automatic evaluations of other people-not of stimuli such as paintings. Your uncle will probably need more time to form a conscious opinion of your painting. 
D) It is impossible to say; some people form automatic evaluations about everything (and if your uncle is one of these people, then he is lying when he says he has no opinion), but other people form automatic evaluations only sometimes.

Question 15

A study (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1977)conducted to defend attitudes as a construct predictive of behavior found that if you want to predict who will give blood, you should place which of the following statements on your attitude measure? (Assume a five-point Likert scale anchored by strongly disagree to strongly agree.)​

Accepted Answer

A) I believe giving blood is a good thing. 
B) I believe giving blood will help others. ​ 
C) I am a helpful person. ​ 
D) I believe giving blood is the right thing for me to do. ​ 
A) I believe giving blood is a good thing. 
B) I believe giving blood will help others. ​ 
C) I am a helpful person. ​ 
D) I believe giving blood is the right thing for me to do. ​

Question 16

In light of the research on cognitive dissonance theory, what is the best explanation for the role of large, expensive marriage ceremonies?

Accepted Answer

A) Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification but do not contribute to specific marriage-consistent behaviors. 
B) Such ceremonies probably discourage specific marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family but do not contribute to overall commitment. 
C) Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification and probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. 
D) Such ceremonies probably do not strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification and probably do not discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. 
A) Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification but do not contribute to specific marriage-consistent behaviors. 
B) Such ceremonies probably discourage specific marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family but do not contribute to overall commitment. 
C) Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification and probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. 
D) Such ceremonies probably do not strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification and probably do not discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family.

Question 17

____ are pieces of information about something; ____ are global evaluations toward some object or issue.

Accepted Answer

A) Attitudes; associations 
B) Associations; beliefs 
C) Attitudes; beliefs 
D) Beliefs; attitudes 
A) Attitudes; associations 
B) Associations; beliefs 
C) Attitudes; beliefs 
D) Beliefs; attitudes

Question 18

Research suggests that religious beliefs ____.

Accepted Answer

A) often increase fear of the unknown 
B) help people cope with traumatic events 
C) typically increase daily stress levels 
D) reduce a person's sense of guilt 
A) often increase fear of the unknown 
B) help people cope with traumatic events 
C) typically increase daily stress levels 
D) reduce a person's sense of guilt

Question 19

Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car and found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this. This scenario best exemplifies ____.

Accepted Answer

A) attitude polarization 
B) belief perseverance 
C) the A-B problem 
D) cognitive dissonance 
A) attitude polarization 
B) belief perseverance 
C) the A-B problem 
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 20

Research on gender and sexuality indicates that ________________ show less consistency than ________________ in terms of (a)their stated attitudes about sex and (b)their actual behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on gender and sexuality indicates that...

One of the most important applications of consistency to social phenomena is called attribution theory.

Which of the following statements about attitudes is true?

Which of the following is the best example of social learning?

Research has shown children can identify good and bad categories, and especially the "bad", very early in life. This highlights which psychological principle?

According to the text, the drive for consistency is ____.

Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak eating to reduce this dissonance.

The fact that the gap between pro-condom attitudes and non-condom-using behaviors is larger among women than men best demonstrates ____.

Attitude polarization refers to the finding that ____.

Research on gender differences in sex-related attitudes and behaviors indicates that men show relatively more attitude-behavior consistency when it comes to ____.

Which one of the following statements best describes cognitive dissonance theory?

Suppose that Anandi was mugged at gunpoint and that it was an extremely traumatic experience. Which of the following cognitive reactions is MOST likely to help her recover?

What might BEST explain the development of prejudice against social groups that are frequently associated with negative information in the media, such as a religious group being associated with terrorism?

In the process of classical conditioning, a(n)____.

In light of the research on cognitive dissonance theory, what is the best explanation for the role of large, expensive marriage ceremonies?

are pieces of information about something; are global evaluations toward some object or issue.

Research suggests that religious beliefs ____.

Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car and found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this. This scenario best exemplifies ____.

Research on gender and sexuality indicates that show less consistency than in terms of (a)their stated attitudes about sex and (b)their actual behaviors.

The Mission and the Method

Culture and Nature

The-Self

Choices and Actions: The Self in Control

Social Cognition

Emotion and Affect

Social Influence and Persuasion

Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others

Aggression Antisocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction and Rejection

Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality

Prejudice and Intergroup Relations

Groups

Application Module A: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior

Application Module B: Applying Social Psychology to Health

Application Module C: Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Application Module D: Applying Social Psychology to Law

Application Module E: Applying Social Psychology to the Environ

Filters

Exam 7: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency

One of the most important applications of consistency to social phenomena is called attribution theory.

Which of the following statements about attitudes is true?

Which of the following is the best example of social learning?

Research has shown children can identify good and bad categories, and especially the "bad", very early in life. This highlights which psychological principle?

According to the text, the drive for consistency is ____. ​

Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak eating to reduce this dissonance.

The fact that the gap between pro-condom attitudes and non-condom-using behaviors is larger among women than men best demonstrates ____.

Attitude polarization refers to the finding that ____.

Research on gender differences in sex-related attitudes and behaviors indicates that men show relatively more attitude-behavior consistency when it comes to ____.

Which one of the following statements best describes cognitive dissonance theory?

Suppose that Anandi was mugged at gunpoint and that it was an extremely traumatic experience. Which of the following cognitive reactions is MOST likely to help her recover?

What might BEST explain the development of prejudice against social groups that are frequently associated with negative information in the media, such as a religious group being associated with terrorism?

In the process of classical conditioning, a(n)____.

In light of the research on cognitive dissonance theory, what is the best explanation for the role of large, expensive marriage ceremonies?

____ are pieces of information about something; ____ are global evaluations toward some object or issue.

Research suggests that religious beliefs ____.

Ingrid believes there is a dog in the car. Even after she has looked absolutely everywhere in the car and found no evidence whatsoever of a dog, she continues to believe this. This scenario best exemplifies ____.

Research on gender and sexuality indicates that ________________ show less consistency than ________________ in terms of (a)their stated attitudes about sex and (b)their actual behaviors.

The Mission and the Method

Culture and Nature

The-Self

Choices and Actions: The Self in Control

Social Cognition

Emotion and Affect

Social Influence and Persuasion

Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others

Aggression Antisocial Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction and Rejection

Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality

Prejudice and Intergroup Relations

Groups

Application Module A: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior

Application Module B: Applying Social Psychology to Health

Application Module C: Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Application Module D: Applying Social Psychology to Law

Application Module E: Applying Social Psychology to the Environ

Filters

According to the text, the drive for consistency is ____.

are pieces of information about something; are global evaluations toward some object or issue.

Research on gender and sexuality indicates that show less consistency than in terms of (a)their stated attitudes about sex and (b)their actual behaviors.