Exam 7: The Fourth Amendment: an Overview of Constitutional Searches and Seizures

If evidence that might otherwise fall victim to the exclusionary rule is obtained from a valid, independent source, that evidence can be admitted.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need comes right after the basic physical needs of food, clothing, and shelter?

"Where the facts and circumstances within the officers' knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information is sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed" is the Supreme Court's definition of:

The Fourth Amendment contains two clauses of importance to search-and-seizure issues. List the two clauses and describe their relevance.

A __________________ is not judicially enforced but does have an appointed monitor who makes quarterly reports.

Explain informational and observational probable cause.

In instances in which the preponderance of evidence suggests the defendant's guilt and tainted evidence is not critical to proving the case against the defendant, the _____________applies.

In Smith v. United States (1949), the Court defined which term as "The sum total of layers of information and the synthesis of what the police have heard, what they know, and what they observe as trained officers"?

The landmark case of Terry v. Ohio is most known for including an explanation of:

The exclusionary rule:

Explain reasonable suspicion.

If the police want to make an unannounced entrance because they fear evidence might be destroyed or officers might not be safe, they typically request a ___________________.

If a civil liability suit against the government is won, the plaintiff's lawyer's fees are paid by the defendant, making this avenue of litigation attractive for attorneys.

Discuss the exclusionary rule.

The exclusionary rule is by far the most frequently used means to address constitutional infractions by the government in criminal cases.

The exception to the exclusionary rule that deems evidence admissible, even if seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment, when it can be shown that the evidence would have been discovered through lawful means is the:

In Murray v. United States (1988), the Court held that evidence initially seen during an illegal search, but later recovered under a valid warrant, would be inadmissible because of the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine.

The ________________ doctrine pertains to evidence obtained as a result of a previous constitutionally invalid activity and must be excluded from trial.

Actions described in clear, distinct statements are referred to as __________________.

Which of the following would not prove exigent circumstances to justify entry by police without first announcing their presence and purpose?