Question 1

Some human infants,especially those born prematurely,suffer serious respiratory failure because of

Accepted Answer

A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. 
B) the overproduction of surfactants. 
C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. 
D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. 
E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation. 
A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. 
B) the overproduction of surfactants. 
C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. 
D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. 
E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation.

Question 2

Among these choices,the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is

Accepted Answer

A) platelets. 
B) platelets and erythrocytes. 
C) platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils. 
D) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils. 
E) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. 
A) platelets. 
B) platelets and erythrocytes. 
C) platelets, erythrocytes, and basophils. 
D) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, and neutrophils. 
E) platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes.

Question 3

If the delay in impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles is reduced,this would result in

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in diastolic pressure. 
B) the incomplete emptying of atrial blood into the ventricles. 
C) the backflow of blood through the sinoatrial valve. 
D) an increase in cardiac output. 
E) a heart murmur. 
A) an increase in diastolic pressure. 
B) the incomplete emptying of atrial blood into the ventricles. 
C) the backflow of blood through the sinoatrial valve. 
D) an increase in cardiac output. 
E) a heart murmur.

Question 4

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. 
B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. 
E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs. 
A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. 
B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. 
E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.

Question 5

An atmospheric scientist has created a mixture of air consisting of 15% oxygen and PO₂ of 75 mm Hg.The overall air pressure is

Accepted Answer

A) 500 mm Hg. 
B) 5 mm Hg. 
C) 50 mm Hg. 
D) 0)5 mm Hg. 
E) 5000 mm Hg. 
A) 500 mm Hg. 
B) 5 mm Hg. 
C) 50 mm Hg. 
D) 0)5 mm Hg. 
E) 5000 mm Hg.

Question 6

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

Accepted Answer

A) low-density lipoproteins. 
B) immunoglobulins. 
C) erythropoietin. 
D) epinephrine. 
E) platelets. 
A) low-density lipoproteins. 
B) immunoglobulins. 
C) erythropoietin. 
D) epinephrine. 
E) platelets.

Question 7

Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

Accepted Answer

A) are both found within blood cells. 
B) are both red in colour. 
C) are both freely dissolved in the plasma. 
D) both transport oxygen. 
E) are both found in mammals. 
A) are both found within blood cells. 
B) are both red in colour. 
C) are both freely dissolved in the plasma. 
D) both transport oxygen. 
E) are both found in mammals.

Question 8

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors,as shown below.
  
-A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs.They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer.However,when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis,they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment.Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly),they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of

Accepted Answer

A) the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. 
B) skin cancer. 
C) gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. 
D) tracheal tube abnormalities. 
E) diminished absorption of oxygen. 
A) the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. 
B) skin cancer. 
C) gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. 
D) tracheal tube abnormalities. 
E) diminished absorption of oxygen.

Question 9

In a healthy human,the typical life span of a red blood cell is

Accepted Answer

A) 24 hours. 
B) one week. 
C) one month. 
D) four months. 
E) 80 years or more. 
A) 24 hours. 
B) one week. 
C) one month. 
D) four months. 
E) 80 years or more.

Question 10

You cut your finger,and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes,you notice that it is still bleeding profusely.What may be the problem?

Accepted Answer

A) Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. 
B) Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. 
C) There are too many antigens to allow clotting. 
D) Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting. 
E) Macrophages have not yet arrived at the wound site. 
A) Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. 
B) Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. 
C) There are too many antigens to allow clotting. 
D) Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting. 
E) Macrophages have not yet arrived at the wound site.

Question 11

As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise,there is an increase in the

Accepted Answer

A) tidal volume. 
B) vital capacity. 
C) residual volume. 
D) total lung capacity. 
E) All of the above would be different. 
A) tidal volume. 
B) vital capacity. 
C) residual volume. 
D) total lung capacity. 
E) All of the above would be different.

Question 12

Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because

Accepted Answer

A) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. 
B) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. 
C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. 
D) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. 
E) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. 
A) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. 
B) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. 
C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. 
D) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. 
E) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

Question 13

Circulatory systems in molluscs

Accepted Answer

A) are open in all species of molluscs. 
B) are closed in all species of molluscs. 
C) are open in species of large-sized molluscs and are closed in species of small-sized molluscs. 
D) are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs. 
E) are open or closed without regard to body size. 
A) are open in all species of molluscs. 
B) are closed in all species of molluscs. 
C) are open in species of large-sized molluscs and are closed in species of small-sized molluscs. 
D) are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized molluscs. 
E) are open or closed without regard to body size.

Question 14

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

Accepted Answer

A) an open circulatory system. 
B) a closed circulatory system. 
C) a gastrovascular cavity. 
D) branched tracheae. 
E) hemolymph. 
A) an open circulatory system. 
B) a closed circulatory system. 
C) a gastrovascular cavity. 
D) branched tracheae. 
E) hemolymph.

Question 15

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal,atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

Accepted Answer

A) zero membranes-oxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
B) one membrane-that of the lining in the lungs-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
C) two membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
D) four membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
E) five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin. 
A) zero membranes-oxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
B) one membrane-that of the lining in the lungs-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
C) two membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
D) four membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood. 
E) five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin.

Question 16

After completing a race,a runner's heart rate begins to decelerate.Which of the following is responsible for this?

Accepted Answer

A) adrenaline 
B) sympathetic nervous system 
C) parasympathetic nervous system 
D) epinephrine 
E) norepinephrine 
A) adrenaline 
B) sympathetic nervous system 
C) parasympathetic nervous system 
D) epinephrine 
E) norepinephrine

Question 17

A portal system is

Accepted Answer

A) an area connecting arterioles to venules. 
B) a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. 
C) a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. 
D) a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. 
E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds. 
A) an area connecting arterioles to venules. 
B) a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. 
C) a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. 
D) a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. 
E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.

Question 18

Of the following choices,impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

Accepted Answer

A) the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B) the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C) the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D) the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E) the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe. 
A) the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B) the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C) the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D) the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E) the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe.

Question 19

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

Accepted Answer

A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 
B) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. 
C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. 
D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. 
E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 
A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 
B) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. 
C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. 
D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. 
E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.

Question 20

Lymph hearts are pumping structures that drive lymph through the lymphatic system,returning it to the circulatory system at the large veins entering the heart.Researchers examined rate and strength of pumping of lymph hearts in two species of amphibians,a toad (Bufo marinus)and a frog (Rana catesbiana).During hemorrhage or dehydration,the volume of blood in the circulatory system falls.(E.A.DeGrauw and S.S.Hillman.2004.General function and endocrine control of the posterior lymph hearts in Bufo marinus and Rana catesbiana.Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4):594-600.)What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have first?

Accepted Answer

A) Blood volume would increase. 
B) Blood volume would decrease. 
C) Hemorrhage would increase. 
D) Hemorrhage would decrease. 
E) There would be no impact on blood volume or hemorrhage 
A) Blood volume would increase. 
B) Blood volume would decrease. 
C) Hemorrhage would increase. 
D) Hemorrhage would decrease. 
E) There would be no impact on blood volume or hemorrhage

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Some human infants,especially those born prematurely,suffer serious respiratory failure because of

Among these choices,the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is

If the delay in impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles is reduced,this would result in

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

An atmospheric scientist has created a mixture of air consisting of 15% oxygen and PO₂ of 75 mm Hg.The overall air pressure is

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

In a healthy human,the typical life span of a red blood cell is

You cut your finger,and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes,you notice that it is still bleeding profusely.What may be the problem?

As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise,there is an increase in the

Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because

Circulatory systems in molluscs

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal,atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

After completing a race,a runner's heart rate begins to decelerate.Which of the following is responsible for this?

A portal system is

Of the following choices,impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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