Question 1

In an open circulatory system,where is blood found?

Accepted Answer

A) always inside of vessels and under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
B) not always confined to blood vessels and under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
C) always inside of vessels and under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
D) not always confined to blood vessels and under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
E) not always confined to blood vessels and under the same pressure as in closed circulatory systems 
A) always inside of vessels and under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
B) not always confined to blood vessels and under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
C) always inside of vessels and under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
D) not always confined to blood vessels and under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems 
E) not always confined to blood vessels and under the same pressure as in closed circulatory systems

Question 2

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Accepted Answer

A) systole of the left atrium 
B) diastole of the right ventricle 
C) systole of the left ventricle 
D) diastole of the right atrium 
E) diastole of the left atrium 
A) systole of the left atrium 
B) diastole of the right ventricle 
C) systole of the left ventricle 
D) diastole of the right atrium 
E) diastole of the left atrium

Question 3

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation,an organism would need a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) open circulatory system. 
B) hemocoel. 
C) lymphatic system. 
D) two-chambered heart. 
E) four-chambered heart. 
A) open circulatory system. 
B) hemocoel. 
C) lymphatic system. 
D) two-chambered heart. 
E) four-chambered heart.

Question 4

Breathing is usually regulated by

Accepted Answer

A) erythropoietin levels in the blood. 
B) the concentration of red blood cells. 
C) hemoglobin levels in the blood. 
D) CO₂ and O₂ concentration and pH-level sensors. 
E) the lungs and the larynx. 
A) erythropoietin levels in the blood. 
B) the concentration of red blood cells. 
C) hemoglobin levels in the blood. 
D) CO₂ and O₂ concentration and pH-level sensors. 
E) the lungs and the larynx.

Question 5

Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases?

Accepted Answer

A) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would increase. 
B) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would decrease. 
C) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would increase. 
D) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would decrease. 
E) There would be no change in the amount of oxygen in either the arterial or venous blood. 
A) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would increase. 
B) The amount of oxygen in arterial blood would decrease. 
C) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would increase. 
D) The amount of oxygen in venous blood would decrease. 
E) There would be no change in the amount of oxygen in either the arterial or venous blood.

Question 6

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors,as shown below.
  
-For this unusual capillary bed

Accepted Answer

A) the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. 
B) oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. 
C) the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. 
D) the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. 
E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side. 
A) the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. 
B) oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. 
C) the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. 
D) the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. 
E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.

Question 7

A person with a residual respiratory volume of 750 mL,a tidal volume of 500 mL,and a total lung capacity of 4500 mL would have a vital capacity of

Accepted Answer

A) 1250 mL. 
B) 3750 mL. 
C) 5000 mL. 
D) 4000 mL. 
E) 3250 mL. 
A) 1250 mL. 
B) 3750 mL. 
C) 5000 mL. 
D) 4000 mL. 
E) 3250 mL.

Question 8

Sponges,cnidarians,and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

Accepted Answer

A) they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B) they live without need for oxygen. 
C) they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D) countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E) nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment. 
A) they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B) they live without need for oxygen. 
C) they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D) countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E) nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.

Question 9

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

Accepted Answer

A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. 
B) bound to hemoglobin. 
C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. 
D) simply dissolved in the plasma. 
E) bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin. 
A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. 
B) bound to hemoglobin. 
C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. 
D) simply dissolved in the plasma. 
E) bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin.

Question 10

When you hold your breath,which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

Accepted Answer

A) rising O₂. 
B) falling O₂. 
C) rising CO₂. 
D) falling CO₂. 
E) rising CO₂ and falling O₂. 
A) rising O₂. 
B) falling O₂. 
C) rising CO₂. 
D) falling CO₂. 
E) rising CO₂ and falling O₂.

Question 11

If,during protein starvation,the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure,then

Accepted Answer

A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. 
B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. 
C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. 
D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. 
E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries. 
A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. 
B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. 
C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. 
D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. 
E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.

Question 12

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

Accepted Answer

A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries. 
B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood. 
C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets. 
D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. 
E) number of leukocytes per mm³ of blood. 
A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries. 
B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood. 
C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets. 
D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. 
E) number of leukocytes per mm³ of blood.

Question 13

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors,as shown below.
  
-An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal.The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large,well-formed,and had four chambers,with no connection between the right and left sides.A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

Accepted Answer

A) animal had evolved from birds. 
B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. 
C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. 
D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal. 
E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure. 
A) animal had evolved from birds. 
B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. 
C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. 
D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal. 
E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.

Question 14

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells,and the organ where this hormone is synthesized,are

Accepted Answer

A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. 
B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. 
C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. 
D) epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. 
E) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively. 
A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. 
B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. 
C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. 
D) epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. 
E) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.

Question 15

Pulse is a direct measure of

Accepted Answer

A) blood pressure. 
B) stroke volume. 
C) cardiac output. 
D) heart rate. 
E) breathing rate. 
A) blood pressure. 
B) stroke volume. 
C) cardiac output. 
D) heart rate. 
E) breathing rate.

Question 16

At the summit of a high mountain,the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg.If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen,then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

Accepted Answer

A) 0 mm Hg. 
B) 80 mm Hg. 
C) 160 mm Hg. 
D) 380 mm Hg. 
E) 760 mm Hg. 
A) 0 mm Hg. 
B) 80 mm Hg. 
C) 160 mm Hg. 
D) 380 mm Hg. 
E) 760 mm Hg.

Question 17

A stroke volume in the heart of 85mL/beat and a pulse of 71 beats per minute results in a cardiac output of

Accepted Answer

A) 6 L/minute 
B) 600 mL/minute. 
C) 0)6 L/minute. 
D) 60 L/minute. 
E) 600 L/minute. 
A) 6 L/minute 
B) 600 mL/minute. 
C) 0)6 L/minute. 
D) 60 L/minute. 
E) 600 L/minute.

Question 18

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the mudpuppy is correctly described as

Accepted Answer

A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
B) carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
B) carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.

Question 19

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

Accepted Answer

A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system. 
A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

Question 20

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

Accepted Answer

A) the arteries. 
B) the arterioles. 
C) the metarterioles. 
D) the capillaries. 
E) the veins. 
A) the arteries. 
B) the arterioles. 
C) the metarterioles. 
D) the capillaries. 
E) the veins.

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

In an open circulatory system,where is blood found?

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation,an organism would need a(n)

Breathing is usually regulated by

Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases?

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors,as shown below. -For this unusual capillary bed

A person with a residual respiratory volume of 750 mL,a tidal volume of 500 mL,and a total lung capacity of 4500 mL would have a vital capacity of

Sponges,cnidarians,and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

When you hold your breath,which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

If,during protein starvation,the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure,then

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells,and the organ where this hormone is synthesized,are

Pulse is a direct measure of

At the summit of a high mountain,the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg.If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen,then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

A stroke volume in the heart of 85mL/beat and a pulse of 71 beats per minute results in a cardiac output of

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the mudpuppy is correctly described as

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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