Question 1

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  diastolic murmur. 
B)  elevated left ventricular/aortic systolic pressure gradient. 
C)  elevated systemic diastolic blood pressure. 
D)  shortened ventricular ejection phase. 
A)  diastolic murmur. 
B)  elevated left ventricular/aortic systolic pressure gradient. 
C)  elevated systemic diastolic blood pressure. 
D)  shortened ventricular ejection phase. A

Question 2

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

Accepted Answer

A)  tetralogy of Fallot. 
B)  transposition of the great arteries. 
C)  ventricular septal defect. 
D)  all right-to-left shunt defects. 
A)  tetralogy of Fallot. 
B)  transposition of the great arteries. 
C)  ventricular septal defect. 
D)  all right-to-left shunt defects. C

Question 3

Inflammatory disorders that may alter endothelial cell function include

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple sclerosis. 
B)  lupus erythematosus. 
C)  Kawasaki syndrome. 
D)  rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  polyarteritis nodosa. 
A)  multiple sclerosis. 
B)  lupus erythematosus. 
C)  Kawasaki syndrome. 
D)  rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  polyarteritis nodosa. B, C, E

Question 4

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

Accepted Answer

A)  cell rupture. 
B)  insufficient glucose. 
C)  thrombus. 
D)  apoptosis. 
A)  cell rupture. 
B)  insufficient glucose. 
C)  thrombus. 
D)  apoptosis.

Question 5

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

Accepted Answer

A)  chronic intravenous drug abuse. 
B)  viral infection with herpes virus. 
C)  b-hemolytic streptococcal infection. 
D)  cardiomyopathy. 
A)  chronic intravenous drug abuse. 
B)  viral infection with herpes virus. 
C)  b-hemolytic streptococcal infection. 
D)  cardiomyopathy.

Question 6

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98.How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  This is an expected blood pressure in the elderly and has little effect on left ventricular function. 
B)  Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload. 
C)  High blood pressure enhances left ventricular perfusion during systole. 
D)  High-pressure workload leads to left ventricular atrophy. 
A)  This is an expected blood pressure in the elderly and has little effect on left ventricular function. 
B)  Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload. 
C)  High blood pressure enhances left ventricular perfusion during systole. 
D)  High-pressure workload leads to left ventricular atrophy.

Question 7

Which serum biomarker(s)are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T 
B)  Markedly decreased CK-MB and troponin I 
C)  Elevated LDL 
D)  Prolonged coagulation time 
A)  Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T 
B)  Markedly decreased CK-MB and troponin I 
C)  Elevated LDL 
D)  Prolonged coagulation time

Question 8

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).What is the significance of this finding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. 
B)  Measures to decrease LDL levels in the elderly would be unlikely to affect the progression of this disease. 
C)  Increased LDL levels are indicative of moderate alcohol intake, and patients should be advised to abstain. 
D)  Elevated LDL levels are an expected finding in the elderly and therefore are not particularly significant. 
A)  Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. 
B)  Measures to decrease LDL levels in the elderly would be unlikely to affect the progression of this disease. 
C)  Increased LDL levels are indicative of moderate alcohol intake, and patients should be advised to abstain. 
D)  Elevated LDL levels are an expected finding in the elderly and therefore are not particularly significant.

Question 9

Atherosclerotic plaque formation is due to injury to the ____________.

Accepted Answer

coronary artery endothelium
At

Question 10

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  impaired cardiac filling. 
B)  cardiac hypertrophy. 
C)  increased cardiac preload. 
D)  elevated myocardial oxygen consumption. 
A)  impaired cardiac filling. 
B)  cardiac hypertrophy. 
C)  increased cardiac preload. 
D)  elevated myocardial oxygen consumption.

Question 11

The cause of Prinzmetal angina is ________.

Accepted Answer

vasospasm
The cause

Question 12

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to

Accepted Answer

A)  dislodgement. 
B)  binding. 
C)  rupture. 
D)  attachment. 
A)  dislodgement. 
B)  binding. 
C)  rupture. 
D)  attachment.

Question 13

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypotension 
B)  Bradycardia 
C)  Aortic regurgitation 
D)  Tachycardia 
A)  Hypotension 
B)  Bradycardia 
C)  Aortic regurgitation 
D)  Tachycardia

Question 14

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.The likely cause of this pain is

Accepted Answer

A)  stable angina. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  coronary vasospasm. 
D)  unstable angina. 
A)  stable angina. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  coronary vasospasm. 
D)  unstable angina.

Question 15

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  aortic regurgitation. 
B)  aortic stenosis. 
C)  mitral regurgitation. 
D)  mitral stenosis. 
A)  aortic regurgitation. 
B)  aortic stenosis. 
C)  mitral regurgitation. 
D)  mitral stenosis.

Question 16

Mitral stenosis is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  a prominent S4 heart sound. 
B)  a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. 
C)  left ventricular hypertrophy. 
D)  a muffled second heart sound (S2). 
A)  a prominent S4 heart sound. 
B)  a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. 
C)  left ventricular hypertrophy. 
D)  a muffled second heart sound (S2).

Question 17

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  opening between the atria. 
B)  stricture of the aorta that impedes blood flow. 
C)  communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. 
D)  cyanotic heart defect associated with right-to-left shunt. 
A)  opening between the atria. 
B)  stricture of the aorta that impedes blood flow. 
C)  communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. 
D)  cyanotic heart defect associated with right-to-left shunt.

Question 18

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI)is directed at

Accepted Answer

A)  protecting the heart from further ischemia. 
B)  decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. 
C)  reducing heart rate and blood pressure. 
D)  activating the parasympathetic system. 
A)  protecting the heart from further ischemia. 
B)  decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. 
C)  reducing heart rate and blood pressure. 
D)  activating the parasympathetic system.

Question 19

Diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm MI include

Accepted Answer

A)  electrocardiogram. 
B)  cardiac catheterization. 
C)  echocardiography. 
D)  radionuclide scintigraphy. 
E)  computed tomography. 
A)  electrocardiogram. 
B)  cardiac catheterization. 
C)  echocardiography. 
D)  radionuclide scintigraphy. 
E)  computed tomography.

Question 20

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac catheterization. 
B)  antiplatelet drugs. 
C)  acute reperfusion therapy. 
D)  cardiac biomarkers only. 
A)  cardiac catheterization. 
B)  antiplatelet drugs. 
C)  acute reperfusion therapy. 
D)  cardiac biomarkers only.

Exam 18: Alterations in Cardiac Function

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

Inflammatory disorders that may alter endothelial cell function include

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98.How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?

Which serum biomarker(s)are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).What is the significance of this finding?

Atherosclerotic plaque formation is due to injury to the ____________.

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

The cause of Prinzmetal angina is ________.

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.The likely cause of this pain is

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

Mitral stenosis is associated with

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI)is directed at

Diagnostic tests used to diagnose or confirm MI include

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and AIDS

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

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