Question 1

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign.The nurse interprets this as a sign of

Accepted Answer

A)  hypercalcemia. 
B)  hypermagnesemia. 
C)  decreased neuromuscular excitability. 
D)  increased neuromuscular excitability. 
A)  hypercalcemia. 
B)  hypermagnesemia. 
C)  decreased neuromuscular excitability. 
D)  increased neuromuscular excitability. D

Question 2

A known cause of hypokalemia is

Accepted Answer

A)  oliguric renal failure. 
B)  pancreatitis. 
C)  insulin overdose. 
D)  hyperparathyroidism. 
A)  oliguric renal failure. 
B)  pancreatitis. 
C)  insulin overdose. 
D)  hyperparathyroidism. C

Question 3

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia 
B)  Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia 
C)  Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia 
D)  Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia 
A)  Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia 
B)  Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia 
C)  Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia 
D)  Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia C

Question 4

Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include

Accepted Answer

A)  tachycardia. 
B)  increased serum sodium concentration. 
C)  bounding pulse. 
D)  increased hematocrit. 
A)  tachycardia. 
B)  increased serum sodium concentration. 
C)  bounding pulse. 
D)  increased hematocrit.

Question 5

How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?

Accepted Answer

A)  Through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment 
B)  By causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular compartment, which leads to cell swelling 
C)  Through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure 
D)  By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure 
A)  Through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment 
B)  By causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular compartment, which leads to cell swelling 
C)  Through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure 
D)  By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

Question 6

The fraction of total body water (TBW)volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

Accepted Answer

A)  three-fourths. 
B)  two-thirds. 
C)  one-half. 
D)  one-third. 
A)  three-fourths. 
B)  two-thirds. 
C)  one-half. 
D)  one-third.

Question 7

The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who

Accepted Answer

A)  self-administers a daily tap water enema to manage a partial bowel obstruction. 
B)  receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke. 
C)  has ectopic production of ADH from small cell carcinoma of the lung. 
D)  is receiving IV 0.9% NaCl at a fast rate. 
A)  self-administers a daily tap water enema to manage a partial bowel obstruction. 
B)  receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke. 
C)  has ectopic production of ADH from small cell carcinoma of the lung. 
D)  is receiving IV 0.9% NaCl at a fast rate.

Question 8

Causes of hypomagnesemia include

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperphosphatemia. 
B)  chronic alcoholism. 
C)  oliguric renal failure. 
D)  clinical dehydration. 
A)  hyperphosphatemia. 
B)  chronic alcoholism. 
C)  oliguric renal failure. 
D)  clinical dehydration.

Question 9

Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  hyponatremia. 
B)  hypocalcemia. 
C)  hypophosphatemia. 
D)  hypokalemia. 
A)  hyponatremia. 
B)  hypocalcemia. 
C)  hypophosphatemia. 
D)  hypokalemia.

Question 10

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is

Accepted Answer

A)  "Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell." 
B)  "Gravity makes more pressure down by your feet than up at the top of your body, so more fluid leaks into your tissues at your feet and they swell." 
C)  "Salt makes your blood vessels relax and the blood does not flow as fast, so some of it leaks into your tissues and makes swelling." 
D)  "Salt binds to the proteins in your blood and changes the osmotic pressure so more fluid can leak out and stay in the tissues, causing swelling." 
A)  "Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell." 
B)  "Gravity makes more pressure down by your feet than up at the top of your body, so more fluid leaks into your tissues at your feet and they swell." 
C)  "Salt makes your blood vessels relax and the blood does not flow as fast, so some of it leaks into your tissues and makes swelling." 
D)  "Salt binds to the proteins in your blood and changes the osmotic pressure so more fluid can leak out and stay in the tissues, causing swelling."

Question 11

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium 
B)  phosphate 
C)  magnesium 
D)  potassium 
A)  sodium 
B)  phosphate 
C)  magnesium 
D)  potassium

Question 12

Hypernatremia may be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased aldosterone secretion. 
B)  decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion. 
C)  compulsive water drinking. 
D)  excessive dietary potassium. 
A)  decreased aldosterone secretion. 
B)  decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion. 
C)  compulsive water drinking. 
D)  excessive dietary potassium.

Question 13

The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolic alkalosis. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypokalemia. 
D)  hypophosphatemia. 
A)  metabolic alkalosis. 
B)  hyperkalemia. 
C)  hypokalemia. 
D)  hypophosphatemia.

Question 14

How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone-related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Serum calcium, Chvostek and Trousseau signs 
B)  Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness 
C)  Serum potassium, Chvostek and Trousseau signs 
D)  Serum potassium, bowel function, level of consciousness 
A)  Serum calcium, Chvostek and Trousseau signs 
B)  Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness 
C)  Serum potassium, Chvostek and Trousseau signs 
D)  Serum potassium, bowel function, level of consciousness

Question 15

Total body water in older adults is

Accepted Answer

A)  increased due to decreased adipose tissue and decreased bone mass. 
B)  increased due to decreased renal function and hormonal fluctuations. 
C)  decreased due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass. 
D)  decreased due to renal changes that cause diuresis with sodium excretion. 
A)  increased due to decreased adipose tissue and decreased bone mass. 
B)  increased due to decreased renal function and hormonal fluctuations. 
C)  decreased due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass. 
D)  decreased due to renal changes that cause diuresis with sodium excretion.

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased urine output. 
B)  increased skin turgor. 
C)  increased blood pressure. 
D)  decreased heart rate. 
A)  decreased urine output. 
B)  increased skin turgor. 
C)  increased blood pressure. 
D)  decreased heart rate.

Question 17

The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration. 
B)  osmosis. 
C)  active transport. 
D)  diffusion. 
A)  filtration. 
B)  osmosis. 
C)  active transport. 
D)  diffusion.

Question 18

Hyperaldosteronism causes

Accepted Answer

A)  ECV deficit and hyperkalemia. 
B)  ECV excess and hypokalemia. 
C)  hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. 
D)  excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration. 
A)  ECV deficit and hyperkalemia. 
B)  ECV excess and hypokalemia. 
C)  hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. 
D)  excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration.

Question 19

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  excess proteins. 
B)  renal damage. 
C)  deficiency of ATP. 
D)  hypocalcemia. 
A)  excess proteins. 
B)  renal damage. 
C)  deficiency of ATP. 
D)  hypocalcemia.

Question 20

The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient

Accepted Answer

A)  takes very large doses of vitamin D to supplement during chemotherapy for breast cancer. 
B)  has fatty stools from taking an OTC weight loss product that decreases absorption of fat. 
C)  has chronic heart failure that is treated with diuretics. 
D)  experiences anorexia and chronic oliguric renal failure. 
A)  takes very large doses of vitamin D to supplement during chemotherapy for breast cancer. 
B)  has fatty stools from taking an OTC weight loss product that decreases absorption of fat. 
C)  has chronic heart failure that is treated with diuretics. 
D)  experiences anorexia and chronic oliguric renal failure.

Exam 24: Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign.The nurse interprets this as a sign of

A known cause of hypokalemia is

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include

How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?

The fraction of total body water (TBW)volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who

Causes of hypomagnesemia include

Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.

Hypernatremia may be caused by

The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is

How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone-related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance?

Total body water in older adults is

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include

The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is

Hyperaldosteronism causes

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and AIDS

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Alterations in Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

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