Exam 5: Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology

The computational analysis comparing the expression of all mRNAs between two different cells is an example of synthetic biology.

An open-reading frame of 1,200 base pairs long would contain 300 codons.

Which methods can accurately quantify the amount of mRNA expressed in a given cell or tissue sample?

Approximately 5% of mammalian genomes are conserved, suggesting that these sequences are important. However, after the human genome was sequenced, it was determined that only about 1.2% of the total DNA corresponds to protein-coding sequences. What important roles may the other 3.8% of these conserved sequences serve?

What is the term used in cell biology to describe the transmission of information from the environment, such as the presence of a hormone, to targets within the cell?

Explain the likely effect that the sequencing of the human genome will have on medical science.

A collection of all the RNAs that are expressed at any given time in a cell are referred to as the

What is a common method for testing blood samples of athletes for the presence of performance enhancing drugs?

To sequence the human genome, the Celera Genomics team led by Craig Venter used

You have analyzed two identical samples by both RNA-seq and DNA microarray to analyze the transcriptome of a human cancer cell. DNA microarray showed expression of 8,500 unique mRNAs, while RNA-seq results showed that there were 11,000 unique mRNAs. What could explain this difference?

Bioinformatics is not limited to genomic analyses. Its approaches can be used to analyze any of the new methods of experimentation that give rise to datasets. One application is in mass spectrometry, in which protein samples are partially cleaved, giving rise to a series of shorter peptides of about 20 amino acids each. These are then ionized and placed in a mass spectrometer that measures the unique mass-to-charge ratio of each peptide. What is the bioinformatic strategy for subsequent identification of the individual peptides?

The main difference between the genomes of the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae and E. coli is that

The 20,000-25,000 human genes may encode more than 100,000 distinct mRNAs and proteins.

Mass spectrometry measures the _______ ratio of small peptides that have been proteolytically cleaved.

Which cellular structure has the largest number of unique proteins?

Humans have about 20,000 genes that encode proteins. It is estimated that through alternative splicing and protein modifications, these genes can give rise to how many different proteins?

More than 50% of the human genome is composed of various types of repetitive and duplicated DNA sequences.

Describe how a DNA microarray experiment could help identify genes that are differentially expressed in a cancer cell and a normal cell.

In comparing genomes between the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and humans, it was found that _______ had the largest number of protein-coding genes.

Mass spectrometric identification of individual proteins in a complex mixture would be impossible in the absence of large-scale protein sequence databases.