Exam 3: Bioenergetics and Metabolism

Photosystem II is also involved in cyclic electron flow in which electrons are transferred to _______. This electron transfer is coupled to the generation of a _______ gradient and ultimately to the generation of _______.

At low pH, the chemical 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is neutral and can diffuse freely across membranes, including those of mitochondria. At high pH, it gives off a proton, becomes negatively charged, and can no longer diffuse across membranes. What effect would DNP have on ATP production by mitochondria?

_______ differs from a reverse of glycolysis in that energetically unfavorable reverse steps of glycolysis are replaced with energetically favorable reactions catalyzed by different enzymes.

Protons are freely permeable across

NADH produced in glycolysis yields fewer ATP molecules than that produced in the citric acid cycle because

Although none of the reactions in the Calvin cycle directly requires light to produce carbohydrates from CO₂ and H₂O, the cycle ceases in the dark. What is the reason?

In the dark reactions, _______ is synthesized in the chloroplast stroma by the _______ cycle.

The dark reactions occur in the

Together, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) directly generate two molecules of ATP and two molecules of GTP. Most of the energy derived from the oxidation of glucose comes from the oxidation of the _______ generated from _______.

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate allows glucose-6-phosphate to be synthesized from glucose and phosphate because the

The end product of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose may be any of the following except

What is the major site of ATP production in human cells?

In photosystem II, water is split to produce _______ and _______, while in photosystem I the movement of electrons is coupled to the reduction of _______.

The reduced cofactors NADH and FADH₂ transfer their electrons to O₂ to produce H₂O via a set of four membrane-bound complexes collectively called the _______. These complexes pump _______ across the _______ membrane.

Lipids are synthesized from acetyl CoA, which is produced by reversing the citric acid cycle.

Most of the ATP derived from the breakdown of glucose in aerobic cells is derived from glycolysis.

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted to either lactic acid or _______.

ATP is synthesized in photosynthesis by which of the following means?

DNA synthesis requires the presence of a complementary nucleotide strand, whereas RNA synthesis does not.

Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are performed by protein complexes in the mitochondrial