Chat with AIExam 13: Media Theory and Research
Describe the limitations of the Shannon and Weaver model of communication.
(33) 
VerifiedThe Shannon and Weaver model is especially technological in its orientation and therefore limited in its utility for understanding traditional mass communication because it does not fully reflect the role of humans in the process-specifically, how meaning is created. Moreover, the advent of digital, networked communication media is greatly expanding the interactive nature of communication, making the limited feedback capacity of the model more problematic even by its own standards.
What are the three options audience members have when decoding?
(33) VerifiedThey can choose the dominant, or hegemonic, reading, the one that the media producer likely intended and the one most people would recognize as common sense or natural. They can select an oppositional reading in which they recognize the codes being used but reject them for their own meanings. They can also choose a negotiated reading, largely accepting the dominant meaning but adding certain variations.
Describe the major, new directions in media research.
(31) VerifiedAnswers will vary but must include:
a. Focus on social media in activism and democracy
b. Study of the impact of time spent online on both children and adults
c. Investigation of the evolving role of the audience in an interactive communication environment
d. Examination of issues surrounding social-networking sites
e. Research on the effects of video games
Answers will vary and may include:
a. Research can become dated during the long lead-time for publication in most peer-reviewed academic journals.
b. Launched in 1999, the World Internet Project, the most comprehensive and longest-running, longitudinal study of its kind, examines the social, cultural, and commercial impact of the Internet.
c. The Pew Research Center also frequently publishes insightful research on the Internet and social media in America, typically in the form of a cross-sectional study on attitudes and patterns of behavior with various technologies.
Explanation: Although scholarship on digital media is often complicated by the fact that technologies may change rapidly, making certain topics of study less relevant or obsolete, a number of themes and trends in digital research can still be identified.
You want to learn more about how Facebook use has changed or evolved since it first became available to a larger online community. What kind of study should you conduct?
(38) Media ecology examines how our media __________ influences our thinking and how specific types of media affect our __________.
(32) Which view of media research agrees largely with positivism but acknowledges that scientific inquiry may not help us understand certain aspects of life?
(37) Most quantitative research strives for __________ samples intended to represent the entire population of the subject of study.
(26) Which pioneering journalist specializes in immersive forms of storytelling such as virtual reality (VR) and is known for "Project Syria"?
(35) Which epistemology has been dominant throughout the 20th century?
(41) The hypodermic-needle theory has also been called the __________ model of mass communication.
(31) The notion of __________ was a rationale for why elites should lead and others should follow?
(36) Media researcher Jeffrey Cole led a team study on TV violence in the 1990s that found U.S. network television programming was becoming somewhat less violent, while the number of __________ had increased dramatically.
(38) Which theoretical framework views media as a component in a much larger and more fundamental system of influences to which we are all subject?
(27) Which theory was derived from a German scholar's observations of behavior during the Nazi regime in the 1930s and 1940s?
(33) Hundreds of studies have been conducted and millions of dollars spent to investigate how TV violence affects children. Among the first of these studies was a study that claimed television had become the new __________.
(31) Political scientist Harold Lasswell in his study of World War I propaganda used the metaphor of a hypodermic needle to highlight the __________.
(30) Message __________ can have a profound effect on behavior, whether a scenario is depicted as a gain or a loss, for example.
(39) Which of the following theories is derived from a sociohistorical framework?
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