Question 1

Which of the following statements about the ethics of applying the results of behavioral science research is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The manipulative potential of behavioral science knowl?edge raises a true ethical dilemma because manipulation can be used for either good or bad purposes. 
B)  Because behavioral science is value-neutral, the application of behavior science knowledge raises no ethical questions. 
C)  Because of behavioral scientists' training in research methods, they design research in ways that prevent its results from being used for unethical purposes. 
D)  The ethical guidelines published by the American Psychological Association are sufficient to prevent the unethical application of research results. 
A)  The manipulative potential of behavioral science knowl?edge raises a true ethical dilemma because manipulation can be used for either good or bad purposes. 
B)  Because behavioral science is value-neutral, the application of behavior science knowledge raises no ethical questions. 
C)  Because of behavioral scientists' training in research methods, they design research in ways that prevent its results from being used for unethical purposes. 
D)  The ethical guidelines published by the American Psychological Association are sufficient to prevent the unethical application of research results.

Question 2

If a researcher reports the results of experiments that they have never conducted, they have engaged in

Accepted Answer

A)  data duplicity. 
B)  data forgery. 
C)  methodological misconduct. 
D)  mendacity. 
A)  data duplicity. 
B)  data forgery. 
C)  methodological misconduct. 
D)  mendacity.

Question 3

Culpable error in research can result from

Accepted Answer

A)  intentionally ignoring the principle of good research design. 
B)  being careless in designing research. 
C)  being unable to correctly interpret the results of statistical analyses. 
D)  any of the above. 
A)  intentionally ignoring the principle of good research design. 
B)  being careless in designing research. 
C)  being unable to correctly interpret the results of statistical analyses. 
D)  any of the above.

Question 4

Some scientists believe that behavioral science is limited in its ability to provide information about social policies because

Accepted Answer

A)  scientists can disagree over the appropriate criteria to use in evaluating a policy or in the operational definitions of those criteria. 
B)  researchers' per?sonal values can influence their interpretations of the outcome of research, with the result that two people can make conflicting interpretations of the same data. 
C)  researchers' personal values might influence the ways in which they collect data and so those data might be biased. 
D)  of any of the above reasons. 
A)  scientists can disagree over the appropriate criteria to use in evaluating a policy or in the operational definitions of those criteria. 
B)  researchers' per?sonal values can influence their interpretations of the outcome of research, with the result that two people can make conflicting interpretations of the same data. 
C)  researchers' personal values might influence the ways in which they collect data and so those data might be biased. 
D)  of any of the above reasons.

Question 5

Behavioral scientists can take on a variety of roles when it comes to influencing social policy decisions. Scientists who take on the societal mentor role are expected to

Accepted Answer

A)  provide appraisals of social science research that are complete, objective, and unbiased. 
B)  present only research that supports one side of a social policy debate. 
C)  present research that is relevant to both sides of a social policy debate, but not comment on the strengths and weaknesses of that research. 
D)  advocate strongly in favor of a particular social policy position. 
A)  provide appraisals of social science research that are complete, objective, and unbiased. 
B)  present only research that supports one side of a social policy debate. 
C)  present research that is relevant to both sides of a social policy debate, but not comment on the strengths and weaknesses of that research. 
D)  advocate strongly in favor of a particular social policy position.

Question 6

Why is data snooping a problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  It increases the Type I error rate. 
B)  It increases the Type II error rate. 
C)  It is inefficient. 
D)  It makes it difficult to determine whether extreme scores are outliers. 
A)  It increases the Type I error rate. 
B)  It increases the Type II error rate. 
C)  It is inefficient. 
D)  It makes it difficult to determine whether extreme scores are outliers.

Question 7

Professor Nowitzki writes a journal article reporting the results of studies that he never conducted. He is guilty of

Accepted Answer

A)  data cooking. 
B)  data forgery. 
C)  data trimming. 
D)  data torturing. 
A)  data cooking. 
B)  data forgery. 
C)  data trimming. 
D)  data torturing.

Question 8

Which of the following about handling outliers is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Removing outliers makes it impossible to determine whether the null hypothesis is correct. 
B)  The most common method for handing outliers is to use a Winsorization process. 
C)  Outliers that are due to data entry mistakes should be replaced with the mean of the remaining scores on that dependent measure. 
D)  It is ethical to remove outliers if the data are also analyzed with outliers included and the results of both analyses are reported. 
A)  Removing outliers makes it impossible to determine whether the null hypothesis is correct. 
B)  The most common method for handing outliers is to use a Winsorization process. 
C)  Outliers that are due to data entry mistakes should be replaced with the mean of the remaining scores on that dependent measure. 
D)  It is ethical to remove outliers if the data are also analyzed with outliers included and the results of both analyses are reported.

Question 9

Consider the question of whether applied research is more ethical than basic research. What is your view on this debate? Explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The debate over whether applied research

Question 10

Because others might misuse the results of their research, researchers should

Accepted Answer

A)  include a consideration of misuse of results in the cost-benefit portion of the protocol they submit to the Institutional Review Board. 
B)  not concern themselves with potential misuse of their results because they cannot do anything about it. 
C)  consider not conducting the research if they think the risk of the results being misused is high. 
D)  tightly control all the uses to which the results of their research are put. 
A)  include a consideration of misuse of results in the cost-benefit portion of the protocol they submit to the Institutional Review Board. 
B)  not concern themselves with potential misuse of their results because they cannot do anything about it. 
C)  consider not conducting the research if they think the risk of the results being misused is high. 
D)  tightly control all the uses to which the results of their research are put.

Question 11

It has been argued that behavioral scientists have an ethical obligation to conduct research. Proponents of this position argue that this obligation exists because

Accepted Answer

A)  it is only through research that we can determine the safety and effectiveness of behavioral science interventions. 
B)  research can provide information needed to formulate good social policy. 
C)  the benefits provided by research always outweigh its possible negative effects on participants or on groups in society. 
D)  of both a and b. 
A)  it is only through research that we can determine the safety and effectiveness of behavioral science interventions. 
B)  research can provide information needed to formulate good social policy. 
C)  the benefits provided by research always outweigh its possible negative effects on participants or on groups in society. 
D)  of both a and b.

Question 12

When applying the results of research, one should

Accepted Answer

A)  use only results that derive from valid theories and research that was properly conducted. 
B)  be careful not to generalize research results to particular applied settings without checking the validity of the results for those settings. 
C)  ensure the application is in the best interests of the people to whom the research results are being applied. 
D)  do all of the above. 
A)  use only results that derive from valid theories and research that was properly conducted. 
B)  be careful not to generalize research results to particular applied settings without checking the validity of the results for those settings. 
C)  ensure the application is in the best interests of the people to whom the research results are being applied. 
D)  do all of the above.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of subject matter competence?

Accepted Answer

A)  having a solid theoretical or empirical basis for your hypothesis. 
B)  creating a new dependent measure without first reviewing the established measures. 
C)  conducting a statistical analysis without fully understanding the assumptions of the statistical test you have chosen. 
D)  all of the above are examples 
A)  having a solid theoretical or empirical basis for your hypothesis. 
B)  creating a new dependent measure without first reviewing the established measures. 
C)  conducting a statistical analysis without fully understanding the assumptions of the statistical test you have chosen. 
D)  all of the above are examples

Question 14

Which of the following is a reason why carrying out poorly designed research can lead to unethical treatment of research participants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Poorly designed research is a waste of participants' time and effort. 
B)  Participants could be physically harmed if proper safety procedures are not followed. 
C)  If the research results do not produce valid knowledge, there is no justification for the discomfort and risks participants might endure. 
D)  All of the above are reasons. 
A)  Poorly designed research is a waste of participants' time and effort. 
B)  Participants could be physically harmed if proper safety procedures are not followed. 
C)  If the research results do not produce valid knowledge, there is no justification for the discomfort and risks participants might endure. 
D)  All of the above are reasons.

Question 15

List the arguments in favor of the position that scientists have an ethical obligation to conduct research.

Accepted Answer

There are several arguments in favor of

Question 16

Explain how a societal mentor might use scientific knowledge to address a societal problem.

Accepted Answer

A societal mentor can use scientific kno

Question 17

Data trimming consists of

Accepted Answer

A)  removing outliers from the data set prior to analyses. 
B)  focusing attention on statistically significant findings while ignoring nonsignificant findings. 
C)  dropping the scores for some participants so that the findings better fit one's predictions. 
D)  repeatedly conducting different types of statistical tests on a data set until significant results turn up. 
A)  removing outliers from the data set prior to analyses. 
B)  focusing attention on statistically significant findings while ignoring nonsignificant findings. 
C)  dropping the scores for some participants so that the findings better fit one's predictions. 
D)  repeatedly conducting different types of statistical tests on a data set until significant results turn up.

Question 18

Which of the following would be considered an ethical lapse?

Accepted Answer

A)  making a Type II error 
B)  drawing mistaken conclusions because of random measurement error 
C)  intentionally violating a principle of good research practice 
D)  discussing a suspected case of research fraud with one's mentor 
A)  making a Type II error 
B)  drawing mistaken conclusions because of random measurement error 
C)  intentionally violating a principle of good research practice 
D)  discussing a suspected case of research fraud with one's mentor

Question 19

Describe the tension between the societal mentor and the social activist roles. Is it possible to navigate between them? Explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The tension between the societal mentor

Question 20

Behavioral scientists who take the role of expert witness in a court case might face an ethical dilemma because

Accepted Answer

A)  legal norms hold that they should advocate for a particular position whereas scientific norms hold that they should be objective. 
B)  the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines generally prohibit researchers from being expert witnesses. 
C)  being an expert witness requires one to take on the societal mentor role, a role that most researchers think is inappropriate. 
D)  of any of the above reasons. 
A)  legal norms hold that they should advocate for a particular position whereas scientific norms hold that they should be objective. 
B)  the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines generally prohibit researchers from being expert witnesses. 
C)  being an expert witness requires one to take on the societal mentor role, a role that most researchers think is inappropriate. 
D)  of any of the above reasons.

Which of the following statements about the ethics of applying the results of behavioral science research is TRUE?

If a researcher reports the results of experiments that they have never conducted, they have engaged in

Culpable error in research can result from

Some scientists believe that behavioral science is limited in its ability to provide information about social policies because

Behavioral scientists can take on a variety of roles when it comes to influencing social policy decisions. Scientists who take on the societal mentor role are expected to

Why is data snooping a problem?

Professor Nowitzki writes a journal article reporting the results of studies that he never conducted. He is guilty of

Which of the following about handling outliers is TRUE?

Consider the question of whether applied research is more ethical than basic research. What is your view on this debate? Explain your reasoning.

Because others might misuse the results of their research, researchers should

It has been argued that behavioral scientists have an ethical obligation to conduct research. Proponents of this position argue that this obligation exists because

When applying the results of research, one should

Which of the following is an example of subject matter competence?

Which of the following is a reason why carrying out poorly designed research can lead to unethical treatment of research participants?

List the arguments in favor of the position that scientists have an ethical obligation to conduct research.

Explain how a societal mentor might use scientific knowledge to address a societal problem.

Data trimming consists of

Which of the following would be considered an ethical lapse?

Describe the tension between the societal mentor and the social activist roles. Is it possible to navigate between them? Explain your reasoning.

Behavioral scientists who take the role of expert witness in a court case might face an ethical dilemma because

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Field Research

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters

Exam 4: The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists

Which of the following statements about the ethics of applying the results of behavioral science research is TRUE?

If a researcher reports the results of experiments that they have never conducted, they have engaged in

Culpable error in research can result from

Some scientists believe that behavioral science is limited in its ability to provide information about social policies because

Behavioral scientists can take on a variety of roles when it comes to influencing social policy decisions. Scientists who take on the societal mentor role are expected to

Why is data snooping a problem?

Professor Nowitzki writes a journal article reporting the results of studies that he never conducted. He is guilty of

Which of the following about handling outliers is TRUE?

Consider the question of whether applied research is more ethical than basic research. What is your view on this debate? Explain your reasoning.

Because others might misuse the results of their research, researchers should

It has been argued that behavioral scientists have an ethical obligation to conduct research. Proponents of this position argue that this obligation exists because

When applying the results of research, one should

Which of the following is an example of subject matter competence?

Which of the following is a reason why carrying out poorly designed research can lead to unethical treatment of research participants?

List the arguments in favor of the position that scientists have an ethical obligation to conduct research.

Explain how a societal mentor might use scientific knowledge to address a societal problem.

Data trimming consists of

Which of the following would be considered an ethical lapse?

Describe the tension between the societal mentor and the social activist roles. Is it possible to navigate between them? Explain your reasoning.

Behavioral scientists who take the role of expert witness in a court case might face an ethical dilemma because

Behavioral Science

Research Strategies: an Overview

The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants

Formulating a Research Question

Developing a Measurement Strategy

The Internal Validity of Research

The External Validity of Research

True Experiments

Field Research

Correlational Designs

Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling

The Single-Case Research Strategy

Qualitative Research and Interviewing, Rachel Kraus, Ball State University

Survey Research

Evaluation Research

Data Collection

Interpreting Research Results

Literature Reviewing

Filters