Exam 6: Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Most long-distance communication between cells takes place through the ________ and ________ systems with their combination of chemical and electrical signals.

Explain how epinephrine can cause intestinal blood vessels to constrict and cause skeletal muscle blood vessels to dilate.

In your own words restate and explain Cannon's four postulates for maintaining homeostasis.

Homeostatic control that takes place at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals is called

Nobel Prizes were awarded to the discoverers of G proteins, the G protein-coupled adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system, and nitric oxide.Summarize each of these, and explain the importance of these discoveries to our understanding of signal pathways.

Second messenger molecules directly

Briefly explain the effects of the hormone insulin on glucose transport.What is diabetes mellitus? How are types I and II different? Why do insulin injections help alleviate one type but not the other?

________ are molecules that bind to the receptor in such a way that they block the normal ligand from binding and turning the receptor on.As a result, the signal pathway remains inactive.

________ is a process by which an extracellular signal molecule, called the ________, activates a membrane receptor that in turn alters intracellular molecules, called the ________, to create a response.

The intracellular effector in chemical signaling is often

Which of the following are considered differences between endocrine and neural control systems?

Signal molecule receptors exhibit

Before nitric oxide was identified, its action was observed in ________ and it was given the name ________.

Diacylglycerol is produced from

If the signal molecule acts on the cell that secreted it, the chemical is called a(n)________.

One intracellular calcium-binding protein is

The most important factor determining which type of receptor a signal molecule will bind to is

Match the term with its description: -receives information about the regulated variable and initiates a response

Describe the signal molecule derivatives of arachidonic acid.

Compare and contrast neural, neuroendocrine, and endocrine reflex pathways.