Question 1

The nervous system has a role in preserving the "fitness" of the ________.

Accepted Answer

Internal E

Question 2

If the concentration of an endocrine ligand decreases, the target cell may insert more receptors into the cell membrane in an attempt to keep its response at a normal level, in a process known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the concentration of an endocrine ligand...

Question 3

An intracellular signal molecule that translates a signal from a neurotransmitter or hormone into an intracellular response is called a ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An intracellular signal molecule that translates a...

Question 4

Food items are occasionally shown to offer protective effects to those who eat them.Garlic, for example, may improve heart health.The pungency of garlic is due to sulfur-containing compounds.Explain how these compounds are good candidates for garlic's heart benefits.

Accepted Answer

When sulfur compounds are meta

Question 5

Down-regulation may allow a target cell to

Accepted Answer

A)  only increase its number of receptors for a ligand. 
B)  only decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. 
C)  only increase its binding affinity for a ligand. 
D)  decrease the receptors' binding affinity and increase its number of receptors. 
A)  only increase its number of receptors for a ligand. 
B)  only decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. 
C)  only increase its binding affinity for a ligand. 
D)  decrease the receptors' binding affinity and increase its number of receptors.

Question 6

What by-product results during the production of nitric oxide?

Accepted Answer

A)  arginine 
B)  citrulline 
C)  nitric oxide synthase 
D)  carbon monoxide 
E)  carbon dioxide 
A)  arginine 
B)  citrulline 
C)  nitric oxide synthase 
D)  carbon monoxide 
E)  carbon dioxide

Question 7

When epinephrine combines with alpha adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle in intestinal blood vessels, the blood vessels ________; however, when epinephrine binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors on certain skeletal muscle blood vessels, the vessels ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When epinephrine combines with alpha adrenergic receptors...

Question 8

Lipophilic hormones

Accepted Answer

A)  bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. 
B)  function by way of a second messenger system. 
C)  cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. 
D)  bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. 
E)  function by activating cAMP. 
A)  bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. 
B)  function by way of a second messenger system. 
C)  cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. 
D)  bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. 
E)  function by activating cAMP.

Question 9

Insulin increases glucose transport across the cell membrane of an adipocyte, but not across the membrane of a liver cell.How can one hormone have two different effects?

Accepted Answer

The two types of cells differ

Question 10

Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells.The response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite.This information implies that

Accepted Answer

A)  the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors. 
B)  one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor. 
C)  each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger. 
D)  both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus. 
E)  the two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger. 
A)  the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors. 
B)  one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor. 
C)  each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger. 
D)  both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus. 
E)  the two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger.

Question 11

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. 
B)  Some cells lack the necessary receptors. 
C)  Some cells are completely without receptors. 
D)  Some cells are completely without ligands. 
E)  Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target. 
A)  Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. 
B)  Some cells lack the necessary receptors. 
C)  Some cells are completely without receptors. 
D)  Some cells are completely without ligands. 
E)  Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target.

Question 12

The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers

Accepted Answer

A)  adenylyl cyclase activation. 
B)  cyclic nucleotide formation. 
C)  G protein inhibition. 
D)  gene transcription. 
E)  protein kinase activation. 
A)  adenylyl cyclase activation. 
B)  cyclic nucleotide formation. 
C)  G protein inhibition. 
D)  gene transcription. 
E)  protein kinase activation.

Question 13

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n)________ that is sensitive to a particular stimulus (variable)and a(n)________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n)________ that is...

Question 14

Peripheral cells sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Peripheral cells sensitive to the presence of...

Question 15

"Too much of a good thing can hurt you." "It's all good." We've all heard phrases like this, and know that they contain some truth.For example, both life essentials water and sunshine can harm us.Not enough cholesterol in the body is worse than too much.What otherwise poisonous gas has recently been shown to be a signal molecule? What does it do in the body?

Accepted Answer

Carbon monoxide is one of the

Question 16

Describe or diagram the basic pattern of a biological signal transduction pathway.

Accepted Answer

See Figure 6.4 and t

Question 17

Define tonic control and give a physiological example.

Accepted Answer

Tonic control regulates physio

Question 18

A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning proteins called ________ on two adjacent cells unite, creating a protein channel that is capable of opening and closing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning...

Question 19

Usually, cytokine binding activates

Accepted Answer

A)  JAK kinase. 
B)  tyrosine kinase. 
C)  intrinsic transducers. 
D)  calmodulin kinase. 
E)  citrulline kinase. 
A)  JAK kinase. 
B)  tyrosine kinase. 
C)  intrinsic transducers. 
D)  calmodulin kinase. 
E)  citrulline kinase.

Question 20

Match the term with its description:
-continuously monitors its environment for a specific variable

Accepted Answer

A) threshold 
B) effector 
C) integrating center 
D) setpoint 
E) sensory receptor 
A) threshold 
B) effector 
C) integrating center 
D) setpoint 
E) sensory receptor

Exam 6: Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

The nervous system has a role in preserving the "fitness" of the ________.

If the concentration of an endocrine ligand decreases, the target cell may insert more receptors into the cell membrane in an attempt to keep its response at a normal level, in a process known as ________.

An intracellular signal molecule that translates a signal from a neurotransmitter or hormone into an intracellular response is called a ________.

Food items are occasionally shown to offer protective effects to those who eat them.Garlic, for example, may improve heart health.The pungency of garlic is due to sulfur-containing compounds.Explain how these compounds are good candidates for garlic's heart benefits.

Down-regulation may allow a target cell to

What by-product results during the production of nitric oxide?

When epinephrine combines with alpha adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle in intestinal blood vessels, the blood vessels ________; however, when epinephrine binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors on certain skeletal muscle blood vessels, the vessels ________.

Lipophilic hormones

Insulin increases glucose transport across the cell membrane of an adipocyte, but not across the membrane of a liver cell.How can one hormone have two different effects?

Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells.The response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite.This information implies that

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal?

The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n)________ that is sensitive to a particular stimulus (variable)and a(n)________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

Peripheral cells sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.

Describe or diagram the basic pattern of a biological signal transduction pathway.

Define tonic control and give a physiological example.

A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning proteins called ________ on two adjacent cells unite, creating a protein channel that is capable of opening and closing.

Usually, cytokine binding activates

Match the term with its description: -continuously monitors its environment for a specific variable

Introduction to Physiology

Molecular Interactions

Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Membrane Dynamics

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

The Central Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

Muscles

Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Blood

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange and Transport

The Kidneys

Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energy Balance

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

The Immune System

Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Reproduction and Development

Filters

When epinephrine combines with alpha adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle in intestinal blood vessels, the blood vessels ; however, when epinephrine binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors on certain skeletal muscle blood vessels, the vessels .

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) that is sensitive to a particular stimulus (variable)and a(n) whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.