Question 1

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

Accepted Answer

A)  4.5-8 
B)  7.0 
C)  7.4 
D)  8 
A)  4.5-8 
B)  7.0 
C)  7.4 
D)  8 C

Question 2

Which of the following causes tetany?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium 
B)  Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) 
C)  Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms 
D)  Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex 
A)  Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium 
B)  Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) 
C)  Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms 
D)  Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex A

Question 3

In the initial stage, vomiting results in:

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolic acidosis. 
B)  metabolic alkalosis. 
C)  respiratory alkalosis. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  metabolic acidosis. 
B)  metabolic alkalosis. 
C)  respiratory alkalosis. 
D)  None of the above B

Question 4

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bone metabolism 
B)  Metabolic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
C)  Blood clotting 
D)  Acid-base balance 
A)  Bone metabolism 
B)  Metabolic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
C)  Blood clotting 
D)  Acid-base balance

Question 5

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluid excess 
B)  Fluid deficit 
C)  Increased sodium level 
D)  Decreased erythrocytes 
A)  Fluid excess 
B)  Fluid deficit 
C)  Increased sodium level 
D)  Decreased erythrocytes

Question 6

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide?
1) It is secreted by heart muscle cells.
2) It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys.
3) It helps to control water and sodium balance.
4) It is released in response to low blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 3 
B)  1, 4 
C)  2, 3 
D)  2, 4 
A)  1, 3 
B)  1, 4 
C)  2, 3 
D)  2, 4

Question 7

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased rate and depth of respiration. 
B)  decreased rate and depth of respiration. 
C)  increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate. 
D)  decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate. 
A)  increased rate and depth of respiration. 
B)  decreased rate and depth of respiration. 
C)  increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate. 
D)  decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

Question 8

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Serum H+ levels 
D)  serum K+ levels 
A)  ADH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Serum H+ levels 
D)  serum K+ levels

Question 9

What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration 
B)  Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate 
C)  Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake 
D)  Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume 
A)  Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration 
B)  Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate 
C)  Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake 
D)  Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume

Question 10

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  K+, Na+ 
B)  Cl- and HCO3- 
C)  Ca++, Na+ 
D)  Na+, Cl- 
A)  K+, Na+ 
B)  Cl- and HCO3- 
C)  Ca++, Na+ 
D)  Na+, Cl-

Question 11

Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dehydration 
B)  Third-spacing 
C)  Hypovolemia 
D)  Water retention 
A)  Dehydration 
B)  Third-spacing 
C)  Hypovolemia 
D)  Water retention

Question 12

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities. 
B)  All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys. 
C)  The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant. 
D)  The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20. 
A)  Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities. 
B)  All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys. 
C)  The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant. 
D)  The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.

Question 13

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bradycardia and deep rapid breathing 
B)  Drowsiness and general lethargy 
C)  Increased nervous system irritability 
D)  Decreased urine pH 
A)  Bradycardia and deep rapid breathing 
B)  Drowsiness and general lethargy 
C)  Increased nervous system irritability 
D)  Decreased urine pH

Question 14

What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bicarbonate ion levels decrease 
B)  Bicarbonate ion levels increase 
C)  Carbonic acid levels increase 
D)  pH increases 
A)  Bicarbonate ion levels decrease 
B)  Bicarbonate ion levels increase 
C)  Carbonic acid levels increase 
D)  pH increases

Question 15

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

Accepted Answer

A)  permeability of nerve membranes increases. 
B)  insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction. 
C)  low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction. 
D)  excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle. 
A)  permeability of nerve membranes increases. 
B)  insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction. 
C)  low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction. 
D)  excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle.

Question 16

The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Digestive system 
B)  Urinary system 
C)  Nervous system 
D)  Respiratory system 
A)  Digestive system 
B)  Urinary system 
C)  Nervous system 
D)  Respiratory system

Question 17

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking normal nerve conduction. 
B)  increasing the permeability of nerve membranes. 
C)  blocking movement of calcium ions. 
D)  decreasing phosphate ion levels. 
A)  blocking normal nerve conduction. 
B)  increasing the permeability of nerve membranes. 
C)  blocking movement of calcium ions. 
D)  decreasing phosphate ion levels.

Question 18

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rapid, strong pulse 
B)  Low hematocrit 
C)  Increased urine output 
D)  Rough oral mucosa 
A)  Rapid, strong pulse 
B)  Low hematocrit 
C)  Increased urine output 
D)  Rough oral mucosa

Question 19

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolic acidosis 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Respiratory alkalosis 
A)  Metabolic acidosis 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Respiratory alkalosis

Question 20

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:

Accepted Answer

A)  blood into the cells. 
B)  interstitial compartment into the cells. 
C)  interstitial compartment into the blood. 
D)  cells into the interstitial compartment. 
A)  blood into the cells. 
B)  interstitial compartment into the cells. 
C)  interstitial compartment into the blood. 
D)  cells into the interstitial compartment.

Exam 2: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

Which of the following causes tetany?

In the initial stage, vomiting results in:

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide? 1) It is secreted by heart muscle cells. 2) It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys. 3) It helps to control water and sodium balance. 4) It is released in response to low blood pressure.

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Cardiovascular System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications due to Pregnancy

Complications due to Adolescence

Complications due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

Filters

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na⁺ levels?