Question 1

The retrospective decision model is also known as the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  implicit favorite model 
B)  rational model 
C)  administrative model 
D)  bounded rationality model 
A)  implicit favorite model 
B)  rational model 
C)  administrative model 
D)  bounded rationality model A

Question 2

List and explain strategies to improve problem formulation.

Accepted Answer

The following strategies can be used to improve problem formulation:
1.Devil's advocate-A devil's advocate is a group member whose role is to disagree with the group.This type of debate forces the group to justify its position and,as a consequence,develop a more precise and accurate picture of the problem and its underlying causes.
2.Multiple advocacy-Multiple advocacy is like the devil's advocate approach except that more than one opposing view is presented.Each group involved in making a decision is assigned the responsibility of representing the opinions of its constituents.
3.Dialectical inquiry-Dialectical inquiry occurs when a group or individual is assigned the role of questioning the underlying assumptions of problem formulation.The group begins by identifying the prevailing view of the problem and its associated assumptions.Next,an individual is asked to develop an alternative problem that is credible but has different assumptions.By doing so,the accuracy of the original assumptions is reexamined.As a result,it forces group members to "think outside the box" and look at new ways to analyze the problem.

Question 3

It is important to monitor and evaluate results in order to detect problems with the original decision and its implementation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

List and explain the symptoms of groupthink according to the psychologist Irving Janis.

Accepted Answer

By studying both government and business

Question 5

Kiera,an HR executive,updates Mason,the accounts manager: "We have received 500 resumes for the position of accountants.It's gonna take forever to screen these.Any ideas?" Mason suggests,"Rule out anyone without 2 years of accounting experience." This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  uncertainty absorption 
B)  selective perception 
C)  cognitive complexity 
D)  information bias 
A)  uncertainty absorption 
B)  selective perception 
C)  cognitive complexity 
D)  information bias

Question 6

The ________ focuses on the decision maker as a satisficer.

Accepted Answer

A)  retrospective decision model 
B)  implicit favorite model 
C)  rational model 
D)  bounded rationality model 
A)  retrospective decision model 
B)  implicit favorite model 
C)  rational model 
D)  bounded rationality model

Question 7

Managers have a tendency to let their programmed activities overshadow their nonprogrammed activities because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the outcomes of nonprogrammed decisions are more uncertain 
B)  the outcomes of programmed decisions are recognized and appreciated more by top management 
C)  the outcomes of nonprogrammed decisions are more predictable and routine 
D)  the outcomes of programmed decisions directly affect the employees of the organization 
A)  the outcomes of nonprogrammed decisions are more uncertain 
B)  the outcomes of programmed decisions are recognized and appreciated more by top management 
C)  the outcomes of nonprogrammed decisions are more predictable and routine 
D)  the outcomes of programmed decisions directly affect the employees of the organization

Question 8

The ________ never allows decision-making participants to meet face-to-face.

Accepted Answer

A)  nominal group technique 
B)  Delphi technique 
C)  multiple advocacy approach 
D)  dialectical inquiry 
A)  nominal group technique 
B)  Delphi technique 
C)  multiple advocacy approach 
D)  dialectical inquiry

Question 9

________ is the tendency for decision makers to accept the first alternative that meets their minimally acceptable requirements rather than push further for an alternative that produces the best results.

Accepted Answer

A)  Altruism 
B)  Satisficing 
C)  Groupthink 
D)  Rational ignorance 
A)  Altruism 
B)  Satisficing 
C)  Groupthink 
D)  Rational ignorance

Question 10

In implementing the choice,group responsibility is generally superior to individual responsibility.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Conducting a dialectical inquiry can be a particularly good way to overcome groupthink and escalation-of-commitment pitfalls.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The nominal group technique is ineffective against groupthink.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which of the following techniques is used to improve problem formulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  brainstorming 
B)  nominal group technique 
C)  dialectical inquiry 
D)  Delphi technique 
A)  brainstorming 
B)  nominal group technique 
C)  dialectical inquiry 
D)  Delphi technique

Question 14

In a classical model,once you have identified a problem or opportunity,the next step is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  analyze the alternatives generated 
B)  determine the criteria for selecting among the alternatives to deal with it 
C)  generate alternatives that achieve the results you want 
D)  select feasible alternatives 
A)  analyze the alternatives generated 
B)  determine the criteria for selecting among the alternatives to deal with it 
C)  generate alternatives that achieve the results you want 
D)  select feasible alternatives

Question 15

________ is a symptom of groupthink where group members often reassure themselves about obvious dangers,become overly optimistic,and are willing to take extraordinary risks.

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-censorship 
B)  Illusion of invulnerability 
C)  Illusion of morality 
D)  Illusion of unanimity 
A)  Self-censorship 
B)  Illusion of invulnerability 
C)  Illusion of morality 
D)  Illusion of unanimity

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true about dialectical inquiry?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is like the devil's advocate approach except that more than one opposing view is presented. 
B)  It forces group members to "think outside the box" and look at new ways to analyze the problem. 
C)  Each group involved in making a decision is assigned the responsibility of representing the opinions of its constituents. 
D)  It is a frequently used mechanism to provide a maximum number of ideas in a short period of time. 
A)  It is like the devil's advocate approach except that more than one opposing view is presented. 
B)  It forces group members to "think outside the box" and look at new ways to analyze the problem. 
C)  Each group involved in making a decision is assigned the responsibility of representing the opinions of its constituents. 
D)  It is a frequently used mechanism to provide a maximum number of ideas in a short period of time.

Question 17

________ is a belief that future courses of action are rational and correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive complexity 
B)  Rosy retrospection 
C)  Prospective rationality 
D)  Cognitive dissonance 
A)  Cognitive complexity 
B)  Rosy retrospection 
C)  Prospective rationality 
D)  Cognitive dissonance

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a programmed decision?

Accepted Answer

A)  improving sales in an area that has until recently seen a dip in sales 
B)  analyzing the feasibility of starting a new subsidiary in a different country 
C)  creating rules and procedures to maintain a safe work environment 
D)  coming up with the best way to communicate with the target market 
A)  improving sales in an area that has until recently seen a dip in sales 
B)  analyzing the feasibility of starting a new subsidiary in a different country 
C)  creating rules and procedures to maintain a safe work environment 
D)  coming up with the best way to communicate with the target market

Question 19

Which of the following consequences of groupthink is similar to retrospective decision making?

Accepted Answer

A)  Groups ignore possible roadblocks to their choice and, as a result, fail to develop contingency plans. 
B)  Group members show interest in facts that support their preferred alternative and either ignore or disregard facts that fail to support it. 
C)  Group members spend little time considering nonobvious advantages to alternative courses of action. 
D)  Groups frequently fail to reexamine their chosen action after new information or events suggest they need a change in course. 
A)  Groups ignore possible roadblocks to their choice and, as a result, fail to develop contingency plans. 
B)  Group members show interest in facts that support their preferred alternative and either ignore or disregard facts that fail to support it. 
C)  Group members spend little time considering nonobvious advantages to alternative courses of action. 
D)  Groups frequently fail to reexamine their chosen action after new information or events suggest they need a change in course.

Question 20

Which of the following occurs when decision makers adhere to a course of action after they know it is a mistake?

Accepted Answer

A)  escalating commitment 
B)  rational ignorance 
C)  superrationality 
D)  satisficing 
A)  escalating commitment 
B)  rational ignorance 
C)  superrationality 
D)  satisficing

The retrospective decision model is also known as the ________.

List and explain strategies to improve problem formulation.

It is important to monitor and evaluate results in order to detect problems with the original decision and its implementation.

List and explain the symptoms of groupthink according to the psychologist Irving Janis.

Kiera,an HR executive,updates Mason,the accounts manager: "We have received 500 resumes for the position of accountants.It's gonna take forever to screen these.Any ideas?" Mason suggests,"Rule out anyone without 2 years of accounting experience." This is an example of ________.

The ________ focuses on the decision maker as a satisficer.

Managers have a tendency to let their programmed activities overshadow their nonprogrammed activities because ________.

The ________ never allows decision-making participants to meet face-to-face.

________ is the tendency for decision makers to accept the first alternative that meets their minimally acceptable requirements rather than push further for an alternative that produces the best results.

In implementing the choice,group responsibility is generally superior to individual responsibility.

Conducting a dialectical inquiry can be a particularly good way to overcome groupthink and escalation-of-commitment pitfalls.

The nominal group technique is ineffective against groupthink.

Which of the following techniques is used to improve problem formulation?

In a classical model,once you have identified a problem or opportunity,the next step is to ________.

________ is a symptom of groupthink where group members often reassure themselves about obvious dangers,become overly optimistic,and are willing to take extraordinary risks.

Which of the following statements is true about dialectical inquiry?

________ is a belief that future courses of action are rational and correct.

Which of the following is an example of a programmed decision?

Which of the following consequences of groupthink is similar to retrospective decision making?

Which of the following occurs when decision makers adhere to a course of action after they know it is a mistake?

The Nature of Management

Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics

International Management and Globalization

Strategic Management

Planning

Organizational Structure and Design

Managing Diverse Human Resources

Leadership

Motivation

Groups and Teams

Communication and Negotiation

Operations Management

Control

Organizational Change and Development

Filters

Exam 12: Individual and Group Decision Making

The retrospective decision model is also known as the ________.

List and explain strategies to improve problem formulation.

It is important to monitor and evaluate results in order to detect problems with the original decision and its implementation.

List and explain the symptoms of groupthink according to the psychologist Irving Janis.

Kiera,an HR executive,updates Mason,the accounts manager: "We have received 500 resumes for the position of accountants.It's gonna take forever to screen these.Any ideas?" Mason suggests,"Rule out anyone without 2 years of accounting experience." This is an example of ________.

The ________ focuses on the decision maker as a satisficer.

Managers have a tendency to let their programmed activities overshadow their nonprogrammed activities because ________.

The ________ never allows decision-making participants to meet face-to-face.

________ is the tendency for decision makers to accept the first alternative that meets their minimally acceptable requirements rather than push further for an alternative that produces the best results.

In implementing the choice,group responsibility is generally superior to individual responsibility.

Conducting a dialectical inquiry can be a particularly good way to overcome groupthink and escalation-of-commitment pitfalls.

The nominal group technique is ineffective against groupthink.

Which of the following techniques is used to improve problem formulation?

In a classical model,once you have identified a problem or opportunity,the next step is to ________.

________ is a symptom of groupthink where group members often reassure themselves about obvious dangers,become overly optimistic,and are willing to take extraordinary risks.

Which of the following statements is true about dialectical inquiry?

________ is a belief that future courses of action are rational and correct.

Which of the following is an example of a programmed decision?

Which of the following consequences of groupthink is similar to retrospective decision making?

Which of the following occurs when decision makers adhere to a course of action after they know it is a mistake?

The Nature of Management

Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics

International Management and Globalization

Strategic Management

Planning

Organizational Structure and Design

Managing Diverse Human Resources

Leadership

Motivation

Groups and Teams

Communication and Negotiation

Operations Management

Control

Organizational Change and Development

Filters