Question 1

According to the text, the objective of research is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  tell us what actually happens in the real world of behavior. 
B)  tell us what ought to happen in the real world of behavior. 
C)  gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of behavior. 
D)  discover relationships that apply to normal conditions in the real world. 
A)  tell us what actually happens in the real world of behavior. 
B)  tell us what ought to happen in the real world of behavior. 
C)  gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of behavior. 
D)  discover relationships that apply to normal conditions in the real world. C

Question 2

The main difference between correlational and experimental research is that in experimental research you:

Accepted Answer

A)  do not manipulate independent variables. 
B)  measure more than one dependent variable. 
C)  do not manipulate more than two independent variables. 
D)  manipulate independent variables and look for changes in the dependent variables. 
A)  do not manipulate independent variables. 
B)  measure more than one dependent variable. 
C)  do not manipulate more than two independent variables. 
D)  manipulate independent variables and look for changes in the dependent variables. D

Question 3

Discuss when and why you would choose to conduct correlational research.

Accepted Answer

Correlational research is often chosen when a researcher wants to examine the relationship between two or more variables. This type of research is used when it is not possible or ethical to manipulate the variables, and instead the researcher wants to observe and measure the natural relationship between them.

Correlational research is particularly useful when the researcher wants to understand the degree and direction of the relationship between variables, without necessarily implying causation. For example, a researcher might want to understand the relationship between income level and educational attainment, or the relationship between stress levels and health outcomes. Conducting a correlational study allows the researcher to gather data and analyze the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables.

This type of research is also chosen when the researcher wants to explore potential patterns or associations that may exist between variables, without making any assumptions about causality. For instance, a researcher might be interested in understanding the relationship between social media usage and feelings of loneliness.

In summary, correlational research is chosen when the researcher wants to understand the relationship between variables without manipulating them, and when they are interested in exploring patterns and associations without making causal claims. It is a valuable method for exploring and understanding the complex relationships between different variables.

Question 4

Causality can be inferred from correlational research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

According to the text, the two defining characteristics of experimental research are:

Accepted Answer

A)  measuring two or more variables and determining whether they covary. 
B)  manipulating an independent variable and controlling extraneous variables. 
C)  randomly assigning subjects to conditions and manipulating an independent variable. 
D)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  measuring two or more variables and determining whether they covary. 
B)  manipulating an independent variable and controlling extraneous variables. 
C)  randomly assigning subjects to conditions and manipulating an independent variable. 
D)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 6

According to Mook (1983), with regard to external validity, much laboratory research is designed to tell us what _____ happen, rather than what _____ happen in the real world.

Accepted Answer

A)  ought to; can 
B)  does; can 
C)  does; ought to 
D)  can; does 
A)  ought to; can 
B)  does; can 
C)  does; ought to 
D)  can; does

Question 7

According to the text, _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  studies should be conducted so that the results can be applied to real-world behavior 
B)  the results from research need not always predict behavior in the real world 
C)  when conducting research, you should not concern yourself with matters of external validity 
D)  much laboratory research is designed to tell us what actually happens in the real world 
A)  studies should be conducted so that the results can be applied to real-world behavior 
B)  the results from research need not always predict behavior in the real world 
C)  when conducting research, you should not concern yourself with matters of external validity 
D)  much laboratory research is designed to tell us what actually happens in the real world

Question 8

If an extraneous variable provides an alternative explanation for your results, then a(n) _____ hypothesis exists.

Accepted Answer

A)  alternative 
B)  conflicting 
C)  duplicate 
D)  rival 
A)  alternative 
B)  conflicting 
C)  duplicate 
D)  rival

Question 9

Sometimes, steps taken to ensure high levels of internal validity lead to reductions in the levels of external validity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

According to the text, nonexperimental research:

Accepted Answer

A)  includes only research intended to find a relationship between variables. 
B)  always includes more than one independent variable. 
C)  cannot be used to find a relationship between variables. 
D)  includes designs not specifically aimed at identifying relationships between variables. 
A)  includes only research intended to find a relationship between variables. 
B)  always includes more than one independent variable. 
C)  cannot be used to find a relationship between variables. 
D)  includes designs not specifically aimed at identifying relationships between variables.

Question 11

Manipulating an independent variable involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  exposing subjects to at least one level of the independent variable. 
B)  measuring two or more behaviors and determining whether they covary. 
C)  exposing subjects to at least two levels of the independent variable. 
D)  exposing subjects to at least three levels of the independent variable. 
A)  exposing subjects to at least one level of the independent variable. 
B)  measuring two or more behaviors and determining whether they covary. 
C)  exposing subjects to at least two levels of the independent variable. 
D)  exposing subjects to at least three levels of the independent variable.

Question 12

Using participants who have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores on some measure introduces the possibility of _____ as a source of confounding.

Accepted Answer

A)  history 
B)  maturation 
C)  biased selection 
D)  statistical regression 
A)  history 
B)  maturation 
C)  biased selection 
D)  statistical regression

Question 13

An experiment explored the effect of alcohol consumption (1, 3, or 5 drinks) on simulated driving. The simulated driving constitutes the _____ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent 
B)  independent 
C)  correlational 
D)  extraneous 
A)  dependent 
B)  independent 
C)  correlational 
D)  extraneous

Question 14

In the context of research design, exploratory data collection and analysis involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  identifying the variables involved in explaining the behavior of interest. 
B)  a "trapping" process after information has been collected about a behavior. 
C)  forming potential explanations for the behavior of interest. 
D)  testing tentative explanations for the behavior of interest. 
A)  identifying the variables involved in explaining the behavior of interest. 
B)  a "trapping" process after information has been collected about a behavior. 
C)  forming potential explanations for the behavior of interest. 
D)  testing tentative explanations for the behavior of interest.

Question 15

Dr. Harrison writes down the names of her subjects on slips of paper and puts them in a box. She shuffles them and begins to draw names one at a time. She assigns every other subject to the experimental group of her experiment. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  holding extraneous variables constant across the levels of the independent variable. 
B)  systematically assigning subjects to the conditions of the experiment. 
C)  randomly assigning subjects to the conditions of the experiment. 
D)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  holding extraneous variables constant across the levels of the independent variable. 
B)  systematically assigning subjects to the conditions of the experiment. 
C)  randomly assigning subjects to the conditions of the experiment. 
D)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 16

Dr. Smith conducts a correlational study of the relationship between religious affiliation and attitudes toward abortion. In this example, religious affiliation would most likely be used as a(n) _____ variable and attitudes toward abortion as a _____ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  independent; dependent 
B)  predictor; criterion 
C)  criterion; predictor 
D)  experimental; correlational 
A)  independent; dependent 
B)  predictor; criterion 
C)  criterion; predictor 
D)  experimental; correlational

Question 17

Imagine that you have been given the freedom to conduct an experiment on the effects of early infant day care on attachment security. Design an experiment that would test the hypothesis that early infant day care affects attachment security. In your answer, be sure to identify your variables, treatment conditions, and any steps taken to ensure the validity of your results.

Accepted Answer

The experiment would involve two groups

Question 18

What are internal and external validity, and why are they important in research?

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent t

Question 19

According to the text, _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  confounding variables are a greater problem in experimental research than in correlational research 
B)  confounding variables are of little concern because they do not pose a great threat to internal validity 
C)  confounding variables can easily be eliminated in most types of research 
D)  it is often impossible to eliminate all sources of confounding in a study 
A)  confounding variables are a greater problem in experimental research than in correlational research 
B)  confounding variables are of little concern because they do not pose a great threat to internal validity 
C)  confounding variables can easily be eliminated in most types of research 
D)  it is often impossible to eliminate all sources of confounding in a study

Question 20

In a _____ relationship, changes in one variable produce changes in another.

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational 
B)  hypothetical 
C)  confounded 
D)  causal 
A)  correlational 
B)  hypothetical 
C)  confounded 
D)  causal

According to the text, the objective of research is to:

The main difference between correlational and experimental research is that in experimental research you:

Discuss when and why you would choose to conduct correlational research.

Causality can be inferred from correlational research.

According to the text, the two defining characteristics of experimental research are:

According to Mook (1983), with regard to external validity, much laboratory research is designed to tell us what _ happen, rather than what _ happen in the real world.

According to the text, _____.

If an extraneous variable provides an alternative explanation for your results, then a(n) _____ hypothesis exists.

Sometimes, steps taken to ensure high levels of internal validity lead to reductions in the levels of external validity.

According to the text, nonexperimental research:

Manipulating an independent variable involves:

Using participants who have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores on some measure introduces the possibility of _____ as a source of confounding.

An experiment explored the effect of alcohol consumption (1, 3, or 5 drinks) on simulated driving. The simulated driving constitutes the _____ variable.

In the context of research design, exploratory data collection and analysis involves:

Dr. Harrison writes down the names of her subjects on slips of paper and puts them in a box. She shuffles them and begins to draw names one at a time. She assigns every other subject to the experimental group of her experiment. This is an example of:

Dr. Smith conducts a correlational study of the relationship between religious affiliation and attitudes toward abortion. In this example, religious affiliation would most likely be used as a(n) _ variable and attitudes toward abortion as a _ variable.

What are internal and external validity, and why are they important in research?

According to the text, _____.

In a _____ relationship, changes in one variable produce changes in another.

Explaining Behavior

Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior

Getting Ideas for Research

Making Systematic Observations

Choosing and Using Research Subjects

Understanding Ethical Issues in the Research Process

Doing Nonexperimental Research

Doing Survey Research

Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Experimental Designs

Using Specialized Research Designs

Using Single-Subject Designs

Describing Data

Using Inferential Statistics

Using Multivariate Design and Analysis

Reporting Your Research Results

Filters

Exam 4: Choosing a Research Design

According to the text, the objective of research is to:

The main difference between correlational and experimental research is that in experimental research you:

Discuss when and why you would choose to conduct correlational research.

Causality can be inferred from correlational research.

According to the text, the two defining characteristics of experimental research are:

According to Mook (1983), with regard to external validity, much laboratory research is designed to tell us what _____ happen, rather than what _____ happen in the real world.

According to the text, _____.

If an extraneous variable provides an alternative explanation for your results, then a(n) _____ hypothesis exists.

Sometimes, steps taken to ensure high levels of internal validity lead to reductions in the levels of external validity.

According to the text, nonexperimental research:

Manipulating an independent variable involves:

Using participants who have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores on some measure introduces the possibility of _____ as a source of confounding.

An experiment explored the effect of alcohol consumption (1, 3, or 5 drinks) on simulated driving. The simulated driving constitutes the _____ variable.

In the context of research design, exploratory data collection and analysis involves:

Dr. Harrison writes down the names of her subjects on slips of paper and puts them in a box. She shuffles them and begins to draw names one at a time. She assigns every other subject to the experimental group of her experiment. This is an example of:

Dr. Smith conducts a correlational study of the relationship between religious affiliation and attitudes toward abortion. In this example, religious affiliation would most likely be used as a(n) _____ variable and attitudes toward abortion as a _____ variable.

What are internal and external validity, and why are they important in research?

According to the text, _____.

In a _____ relationship, changes in one variable produce changes in another.

Explaining Behavior

Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior

Getting Ideas for Research

Making Systematic Observations

Choosing and Using Research Subjects

Understanding Ethical Issues in the Research Process

Doing Nonexperimental Research

Doing Survey Research

Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Experimental Designs

Using Specialized Research Designs

Using Single-Subject Designs

Describing Data

Using Inferential Statistics

Using Multivariate Design and Analysis

Reporting Your Research Results

Filters

According to Mook (1983), with regard to external validity, much laboratory research is designed to tell us what _ happen, rather than what _ happen in the real world.

Dr. Smith conducts a correlational study of the relationship between religious affiliation and attitudes toward abortion. In this example, religious affiliation would most likely be used as a(n) _ variable and attitudes toward abortion as a _ variable.