Question 1

Explain cross-sectional developmental designs and longitudinal developmental designs with examples.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional developmental designs and longitudinal developmental designs are two types of research designs used to study development over time.

Cross-sectional developmental designs involve comparing different groups of participants at a single point in time. For example, a researcher might compare the language development of 3-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and 9-year-olds to see how language skills change with age. This type of design is efficient and cost-effective, but it does not provide information about individual development over time.

On the other hand, longitudinal developmental designs involve studying the same group of participants over an extended period of time. For example, a researcher might follow a group of children from infancy to adolescence to see how their language skills develop over time. This type of design allows researchers to track individual development and identify patterns of change, but it can be time-consuming and expensive.

In conclusion, both cross-sectional and longitudinal developmental designs have their own strengths and limitations. Researchers must carefully consider their research questions and resources when choosing the most appropriate design for their study.

Question 2

In the _____, you select several participants from each of a number of age groups and create groups based on the chronological ages of the participants at the time of a study.

Accepted Answer

A)  cross-sectional design 
B)  longitudinal design 
C)  cohort-sequential design 
D)  Solomon four-group design 
A)  cross-sectional design 
B)  longitudinal design 
C)  cohort-sequential design 
D)  Solomon four-group design A

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about the cohort-sequential design?

Accepted Answer

A)  In this design, the naturally occurring event is a quasi-independent variable. 
B)  In this design, one includes a time series component along with a control group that is not exposed to any treatment. 
C)  This design is a variation on the basic time series design, and it charts changes in behavior as a function of some naturally occurring event. 
D)  This design lets one evaluate the degree of contribution made by factors such as generation effects. 
A)  In this design, the naturally occurring event is a quasi-independent variable. 
B)  In this design, one includes a time series component along with a control group that is not exposed to any treatment. 
C)  This design is a variation on the basic time series design, and it charts changes in behavior as a function of some naturally occurring event. 
D)  This design lets one evaluate the degree of contribution made by factors such as generation effects. D

Question 4

Dr. Jones conducts an experiment on visual perception. He has reason to believe that the gender of a subject is an important factor in perception. Consequently, he records the gender of his subjects and includes it as a variable in his data analysis. Assume that he finds a significant effect of gender in his data analysis. Dr. Jones is most likely to conclude that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the gender of the subject causes changes in perception. 
B)  the gender of the subject is correlated with changes in perception. 
C)  the gender of the subject has no effect on perception. 
D)  the gender of the subject causes changes in perception and is also correlated with changes in perception. 
A)  the gender of the subject causes changes in perception. 
B)  the gender of the subject is correlated with changes in perception. 
C)  the gender of the subject has no effect on perception. 
D)  the gender of the subject causes changes in perception and is also correlated with changes in perception.

Question 5

Describe the term "generation effects" and explain ways in which they can be handled.

Accepted Answer

Generation effects refer to the impact t

Question 6

List the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal developmental designs.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional and longitudinal develop

Question 7

You have six different classes available for your experiment. You expose the first three classes to one level of your independent variable and the remaining three classes to the other level. In this experiment, you are:

Accepted Answer

A)  counterbalancing classes across treatments. 
B)  nesting classes under different levels of your independent variable. 
C)  using class as a correlational variable. 
D)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  counterbalancing classes across treatments. 
B)  nesting classes under different levels of your independent variable. 
C)  using class as a correlational variable. 
D)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 8

By including a covariate in your experimental design, you _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  can look at both between-subjects and within-subjects effects 
B)  can assess the impact of carryover effects 
C)  reduce error variance and improve the sensitivity of your experiment to the effect of your independent variable 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  can look at both between-subjects and within-subjects effects 
B)  can assess the impact of carryover effects 
C)  reduce error variance and improve the sensitivity of your experiment to the effect of your independent variable 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

In a time series design, you make several observations of behavior over time prior to introducing a treatment and again after.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A mixed design fails to assess the effects of variables that, because of irreversible effects or carryover, cannot be manipulated effectively within subjects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

In the _____ design, a treatment is administered and withdrawn repeatedly.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonequivalent control group 
B)  equivalent time samples 
C)  interrupted time series 
D)  Solomon four-group 
A)  nonequivalent control group 
B)  equivalent time samples 
C)  interrupted time series 
D)  Solomon four-group

Question 12

In the interrupted time series design, the naturally occurring event is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  pseudo-independent variable. 
B)  quasi-independent variable. 
C)  independent variable. 
D)  simulated independent variable. 
A)  pseudo-independent variable. 
B)  quasi-independent variable. 
C)  independent variable. 
D)  simulated independent variable.

Question 13

The main disadvantage of including a quasi-independent variable in an experimental design is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  carryover effects become uncontrollable. 
B)  the results obtained are difficult to analyze statistically. 
C)  the results obtained are often misinterpreted. 
D)  the resulting design cannot be carried out easily. 
A)  carryover effects become uncontrollable. 
B)  the results obtained are difficult to analyze statistically. 
C)  the results obtained are often misinterpreted. 
D)  the resulting design cannot be carried out easily.

Question 14

Describe the basic pretest-posttest design, and discuss the problems associated with the design.

Accepted Answer

The basic pretest-posttest design is a r

Question 15

Subject mortality and multiple testing effects are problems that a researcher should consider when choosing a longitudinal design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Dr. Kent studies the development of emotions by following a group of 100 participants over a period of 10 years, taking measures every year. The design being employed in this scenario is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal design. 
B)  cross-sectional design. 
C)  cohort-sequential design. 
D)  Solomon four-group design. 
A)  longitudinal design. 
B)  cross-sectional design. 
C)  cohort-sequential design. 
D)  Solomon four-group design.

Question 17

Explain how you would apply the nonequivalent control group design when assessing the effect of a new policy on the workers in a factory.

Accepted Answer

The nonequivalent control group design i

Question 18

Cross-sectional designs circumvent the problem of generation effects that plagues longitudinal designs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Explain the Solomon four-group design and discuss its use.

Accepted Answer

The Solomon four-group design is a resea

Question 20

Subject mortality, a problem in one of the developmental designs, arises when:

Accepted Answer

A)  participants do not complete a study because they have lost interest in the study. 
B)  subject loss is random. 
C)  participants die but not when they leave on their own accord. 
D)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  participants do not complete a study because they have lost interest in the study. 
B)  subject loss is random. 
C)  participants die but not when they leave on their own accord. 
D)  None of the answers is correct.

Explain cross-sectional developmental designs and longitudinal developmental designs with examples.

In the _____, you select several participants from each of a number of age groups and create groups based on the chronological ages of the participants at the time of a study.

Which of the following statements is true about the cohort-sequential design?

Describe the term "generation effects" and explain ways in which they can be handled.

List the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal developmental designs.

You have six different classes available for your experiment. You expose the first three classes to one level of your independent variable and the remaining three classes to the other level. In this experiment, you are:

By including a covariate in your experimental design, you _____.

In a time series design, you make several observations of behavior over time prior to introducing a treatment and again after.

A mixed design fails to assess the effects of variables that, because of irreversible effects or carryover, cannot be manipulated effectively within subjects.

In the _____ design, a treatment is administered and withdrawn repeatedly.

In the interrupted time series design, the naturally occurring event is a(n):

The main disadvantage of including a quasi-independent variable in an experimental design is that:

Describe the basic pretest-posttest design, and discuss the problems associated with the design.

Subject mortality and multiple testing effects are problems that a researcher should consider when choosing a longitudinal design.

Dr. Kent studies the development of emotions by following a group of 100 participants over a period of 10 years, taking measures every year. The design being employed in this scenario is the:

Explain how you would apply the nonequivalent control group design when assessing the effect of a new policy on the workers in a factory.

Cross-sectional designs circumvent the problem of generation effects that plagues longitudinal designs.

Explain the Solomon four-group design and discuss its use.

Subject mortality, a problem in one of the developmental designs, arises when:

Explaining Behavior

Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior

Getting Ideas for Research

Choosing a Research Design

Making Systematic Observations

Choosing and Using Research Subjects

Understanding Ethical Issues in the Research Process

Doing Nonexperimental Research

Doing Survey Research

Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Experimental Designs

Using Single-Subject Designs

Describing Data

Using Inferential Statistics

Using Multivariate Design and Analysis

Reporting Your Research Results

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Exam 11: Using Specialized Research Designs

Explain cross-sectional developmental designs and longitudinal developmental designs with examples.

In the _____, you select several participants from each of a number of age groups and create groups based on the chronological ages of the participants at the time of a study.

Which of the following statements is true about the cohort-sequential design?

Describe the term "generation effects" and explain ways in which they can be handled.

List the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal developmental designs.

You have six different classes available for your experiment. You expose the first three classes to one level of your independent variable and the remaining three classes to the other level. In this experiment, you are:

By including a covariate in your experimental design, you _____.

In a time series design, you make several observations of behavior over time prior to introducing a treatment and again after.

A mixed design fails to assess the effects of variables that, because of irreversible effects or carryover, cannot be manipulated effectively within subjects.

In the _____ design, a treatment is administered and withdrawn repeatedly.

In the interrupted time series design, the naturally occurring event is a(n):

The main disadvantage of including a quasi-independent variable in an experimental design is that:

Describe the basic pretest-posttest design, and discuss the problems associated with the design.

Subject mortality and multiple testing effects are problems that a researcher should consider when choosing a longitudinal design.

Dr. Kent studies the development of emotions by following a group of 100 participants over a period of 10 years, taking measures every year. The design being employed in this scenario is the:

Explain how you would apply the nonequivalent control group design when assessing the effect of a new policy on the workers in a factory.

Cross-sectional designs circumvent the problem of generation effects that plagues longitudinal designs.

Explain the Solomon four-group design and discuss its use.

Subject mortality, a problem in one of the developmental designs, arises when:

Explaining Behavior

Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior

Getting Ideas for Research

Choosing a Research Design

Making Systematic Observations

Choosing and Using Research Subjects

Understanding Ethical Issues in the Research Process

Doing Nonexperimental Research

Doing Survey Research

Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Experimental Designs

Using Single-Subject Designs

Describing Data

Using Inferential Statistics

Using Multivariate Design and Analysis

Reporting Your Research Results

Filters