Exam 5: Learning

Which of the following involves negative reinforcement?

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The unconditioned stimulus in this situation is

Observational learning or modelling is a behaviour that is unique to humans.

Negative reinforcement is to ________ as punishment is to ________.

Birds' migration and salmon's spawning are not considered learned behaviours, because they

The purpose of a time out, in behaviour modification programs is to

Primary reinforcers differ from secondary reinforcers in that

Last winter, Carmen skidded on the ice and hit another car. This left her with a fear of driving on ice and snow that she finally overcame by the end of the winter. But her fear returned when she had to drive for the first time on the snow this winter. This is an example of

What did the observational learning psychologists add to Skinner's learning theory?

The termination of pain that occurs when a rat escapes or avoids electric shock by bar-pressing is a

How do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement reach the same goal?

Bill will often begin doing household projects like yard work if he knows that Betty has had a difficult day. She becomes very grumpy and often critical of Bill during these times. Bill has exhibited

Procrastinators are people who

The type of learning in which the behaviour is modified by its consequences is referred to as

For maximum effectiveness, when operantly conditioning a behaviour, the reinforcer should be presented ________ the target behaviour.

Procrastinators can help themselves by

What are stimuli that can serve as reinforcers without learning, because they fulfill basic biological needs?

In classical conditioning, which element functions as a signal?

Continuous reinforcement is to ________, as partial reinforcement is to ________.

One problem with token economies is that