Exam 5: Learning

How does classical conditioning explain the extinction of a conditioned response?

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented. It does not refer to any recurrence of the response in a random fashion.

In classical conditioning, the stimulus which elicits a response the first time it is presented to an organism is called the

What is the partial-reinforcement effect?

Articles of clothing or other features that are repeatedly paired with sexual arousal or pleasure may become ________ for such reactions.

In Pavlov's original research, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and the meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case, the tone is an example of

How does punishment compare and contrast with negative reinforcement?

In higher-order conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus and response are actually previously conditioned stimuli and responses.

For punishment to be effective it should be

Food, water and sex are examples of

Operant conditioning can be used for all of the following except

Which of the following is not a response initially learned through classical conditioning?

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. Salivating to the sight of the napkins in this situation is the

Jane misbehaves around her parents, who do not discipline her, but does not misbehave in the presence of her grandparents, who reward her only when she behaves appropriately. The difference in her behaviour can best be explained on the basis of

Which of the following is not an example of punishment?

A procedure whereby subjects are given reinforcers for performing behaviours which get closer and closer to some target behaviour is called:

Both punishment and negative reinforcement are used to decrease the probability of a response.

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the balloon is the

Carrie fed her cat canned tuna fish that was opened with an electric can opener. Even when she was merely opening a can of corn, her cat responded physically as if it were about to be fed. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the

What is behaviour modification?