Question 1

The significance of the Watson and Rayner study with Little Albert is that it:

Accepted Answer

A)  led to stringent ethical guidelines regarding the use of children in research 
B)  demonstrated that emotional responses could be classically conditioned 
C)  assisted in the decline of behaviorism in American psychology 
D)  helped identify common problems in language development among infants 
A)  led to stringent ethical guidelines regarding the use of children in research 
B)  demonstrated that emotional responses could be classically conditioned 
C)  assisted in the decline of behaviorism in American psychology 
D)  helped identify common problems in language development among infants

Question 2

What do classical conditioning,operant conditioning,and cognitive learning all have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each is based upon the law of effect. 
B)  These forms of learning were once thought to be valid explanations of how we learn, but now are considered by psychologists as inadequate. 
C)  These forms of learning are common in animals, but rare in humans. 
D)  These are all forms of learning. 
A)  Each is based upon the law of effect. 
B)  These forms of learning were once thought to be valid explanations of how we learn, but now are considered by psychologists as inadequate. 
C)  These forms of learning are common in animals, but rare in humans. 
D)  These are all forms of learning.

Question 3

After being classically conditioned to feel anxiety to aftershave,Carla finds that her deodorant,which smells similar to the aftershave,can elicit similar feelings.This best illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction 
B)  discrimination 
C)  recovery 
D)  generalization 
A)  extinction 
B)  discrimination 
C)  recovery 
D)  generalization

Question 4

Dr.Bell sounds a chime during a laboratory experiment.A dog named Cleo does not react.Based on this information,you conclude the chime is a(n)____ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned 
B)  conditioned 
C)  neutral 
D)  generalized 
A)  unconditioned 
B)  conditioned 
C)  neutral 
D)  generalized

Question 5

In the case of anticipatory nausea,the neutral stimulus is ____ and the UCR could be ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the nurse's voice; chemotherapy 
B)  nausea; chemotherapy 
C)  chemotherapy; aftershave 
D)  the smell of the treatment room; nausea 
A)  the nurse's voice; chemotherapy 
B)  nausea; chemotherapy 
C)  chemotherapy; aftershave 
D)  the smell of the treatment room; nausea

Question 6

Rats acquire taste-aversion easily when visual stimuli are used.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

If you wanted to use classical conditioning to get your friends to blink their eyes in response to the word "apple" what would you do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pair the word "apple" with a puff of air to the eyes. 
B)  Reinforce eye blinking with a slice of an apple. 
C)  Reinforce eye blinking to the word "apple" with a dollar. 
D)  Use punishment by application whenever your friend did not blink when hearing the word "apple." 
A)  Pair the word "apple" with a puff of air to the eyes. 
B)  Reinforce eye blinking with a slice of an apple. 
C)  Reinforce eye blinking to the word "apple" with a dollar. 
D)  Use punishment by application whenever your friend did not blink when hearing the word "apple."

Question 8

When Pepsi and Coke are presented anonymously to subjects,most subjects prefer Pepsi.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

Accepted Answer

A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  Ivan Pavlov 
C)  Edward Thorndike 
D)  Albert Bandura 
A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  Ivan Pavlov 
C)  Edward Thorndike 
D)  Albert Bandura

Question 10

If a dog that was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell,salivates to a buzzer,then generalization is said to have occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following is not a step in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  selecting stimulus and response 
B)  establishing the conditioned response 
C)  determining schedule of reinforcement 
D)  testing for conditioning 
A)  selecting stimulus and response 
B)  establishing the conditioned response 
C)  determining schedule of reinforcement 
D)  testing for conditioning

Question 12

Psychologists now believe that classical conditioning is explained by:

Accepted Answer

A)  two events occurring at the same time 
B)  one event predicting the occurrence of another 
C)  events being linked via cognitive processes that identify similarities between the events 
D)  the constant repetition of events, which fuses them together 
A)  two events occurring at the same time 
B)  one event predicting the occurrence of another 
C)  events being linked via cognitive processes that identify similarities between the events 
D)  the constant repetition of events, which fuses them together

Question 13

Chipper,the family cocker spaniel,wags his tail when he hears Father's car come up the driveway.Psychologists believe that Chipper does this because:

Accepted Answer

A)  Father must arrive home at the same time every day and Chipper's internal clock triggers his response 
B)  dogs will be aroused by any sounds originating from outside the house 
C)  he has a cognitive representation of his master and this thought causes him to wag his tail 
D)  the sound of the car predicts the entrance of his beloved master 
A)  Father must arrive home at the same time every day and Chipper's internal clock triggers his response 
B)  dogs will be aroused by any sounds originating from outside the house 
C)  he has a cognitive representation of his master and this thought causes him to wag his tail 
D)  the sound of the car predicts the entrance of his beloved master

Question 14

In the case of anticipatory nausea,the UCS is ____ and the CS could be ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the nurse's voice; chemotherapy 
B)  nausea; chemotherapy 
C)  chemotherapy; the smell of the treatment room 
D)  the waiting room; nausea 
A)  the nurse's voice; chemotherapy 
B)  nausea; chemotherapy 
C)  chemotherapy; the smell of the treatment room 
D)  the waiting room; nausea

Question 15

Compared to the unconditioned response,the conditioned response is usually:

Accepted Answer

A)  different in appearance 
B)  more intense 
C)  elicited by the unconditioned stimulus 
D)  smaller in magnitude 
A)  different in appearance 
B)  more intense 
C)  elicited by the unconditioned stimulus 
D)  smaller in magnitude

Question 16

Professor Marsh argues that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired closely together in time.Professor Marsh supports the ____ of classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus-substitution theory 
B)  cognitive perspective 
C)  prediction theory 
D)  contiguity theory 
A)  stimulus-substitution theory 
B)  cognitive perspective 
C)  prediction theory 
D)  contiguity theory

Question 17

Morty is involved in a car wreck on Interstate 15.The next day,he becomes anxious and fretful when passing the spot of the accident.After several weeks of passing the spot every day on the way to work,Morty's negative reaction subsides.His anxiety has undergone:

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  extinction 
A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  extinction

Question 18

According to Pavlov,generalization has:

Accepted Answer

A)  little impact on conditioned response 
B)  little effect on emotional responses 
C)  adaptive value 
D)  been discarded as a reliable phenomenon 
A)  little impact on conditioned response 
B)  little effect on emotional responses 
C)  adaptive value 
D)  been discarded as a reliable phenomenon

Question 19

After eating a hot dog at Chez Dave's restaurant,Elmer gets sick and never wants to eat a hot dog again.This experience is a form of what learning process?

Accepted Answer

A)  imprinting 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  spontaneous learning 
D)  classical conditioning 
A)  imprinting 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  spontaneous learning 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 20

An individual most closely associated with cognitive learning is:

Accepted Answer

A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  Albert Bandura 
C)  Sigmund Freud 
D)  Ivan Pavlov 
A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  Albert Bandura 
C)  Sigmund Freud 
D)  Ivan Pavlov

Exam 9: Classical Conditioning

The significance of the Watson and Rayner study with Little Albert is that it:

What do classical conditioning,operant conditioning,and cognitive learning all have in common?

After being classically conditioned to feel anxiety to aftershave,Carla finds that her deodorant,which smells similar to the aftershave,can elicit similar feelings.This best illustrates:

Dr.Bell sounds a chime during a laboratory experiment.A dog named Cleo does not react.Based on this information,you conclude the chime is a(n)____ stimulus.

In the case of anticipatory nausea,the neutral stimulus is ____ and the UCR could be ____.

Rats acquire taste-aversion easily when visual stimuli are used.

If you wanted to use classical conditioning to get your friends to blink their eyes in response to the word "apple" what would you do?

When Pepsi and Coke are presented anonymously to subjects,most subjects prefer Pepsi.

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

If a dog that was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell,salivates to a buzzer,then generalization is said to have occurred.

Which of the following is not a step in classical conditioning?

Psychologists now believe that classical conditioning is explained by:

Chipper,the family cocker spaniel,wags his tail when he hears Father's car come up the driveway.Psychologists believe that Chipper does this because:

In the case of anticipatory nausea,the UCS is ____ and the CS could be ____.

Compared to the unconditioned response,the conditioned response is usually:

Professor Marsh argues that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired closely together in time.Professor Marsh supports the ____ of classical conditioning.

Morty is involved in a car wreck on Interstate 15.The next day,he becomes anxious and fretful when passing the spot of the accident.After several weeks of passing the spot every day on the way to work,Morty's negative reaction subsides.His anxiety has undergone:

According to Pavlov,generalization has:

After eating a hot dog at Chez Dave's restaurant,Elmer gets sick and never wants to eat a hot dog again.This experience is a form of what learning process?

An individual most closely associated with cognitive learning is:

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In the case of anticipatory nausea,the neutral stimulus is and the UCR could be .

In the case of anticipatory nausea,the UCS is and the CS could be .