Exam 2: Theories of Human Development

Which was NOT emphasized in Gottlieb's epigenetic psychobiological systems approach?

Watson believed that

_____ is best associated with operant conditioning theory.

Marge wants her daughter Lisa to improve her study skills. How could Marge use positive reinforcement to achieve this goal?

The _____ stage is the first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Elizabeth tells her daughter Taylor, "I will stop this nagging, which you find unpleasant, as soon as you clean your room today and continue to clean it in the future." This description indicates that Elizabeth is trying to use

Paris is a 16-year-old who is having difficulty accepting her newfound sexuality. Given this description, Freud would argue that Paris is in the _____ stage of development.

According to Freud, the primary mission of the ego is to

Physical punishment tends to be most effective when it is

Freud suggested that psychological problems arise when the

Watson and Pavlov's version of learning theory is referred to as _____ conditioning.

Freud is credited with developing _____ theory.

Ruby watches as her mom puts a couple of drops of red food coloring into her glass of water. Although Ruby tasted the water just before her mom put in the drops, Ruby now believes that her water will taste like fruit punch. Piaget would most likely argue that Ruby is in the _____ stage of development.

According to Erikson, teenagers struggle with the crisis of generativity versus stagnation.

Stage theorists tend to view parents as supporters of development, while learning theorists tend to view parents as supporters of behavior.

Discontinuity theorists believe that development involves primarily quantitative changes in human behavior.

Cosmo, age three, has always been cooperative about going to bed at night. Then the family takes a trip and stays with relatives, where Cosmo's cousin, Wanda (also age three), has a royal fit at bedtime. Cosmo watches while Wanda's parents read her extra stories and bring her a glass of juice to calm her down. After Cosmo and his family return home, Cosmo begins to throw tantrums at bedtime. Cosmo's change in behavior is best explained by

Jasper sees his friend Johns as "paranoid" and "afraid of the world of humans." However, the reality is that Johns is actually normal, while Jasper is the one who is afraid. According to Freud, Jasper is exhibiting the defense mechanism of

Explain and provide examples of the concepts of negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and extinction.

Erikson emphasized the importance of a caregiver's _____ in predicting the impact of early life experience on later development.