Question 1

Which of the following factors greatly improves venous return to the heart during strenuous exercise?

Accepted Answer

A) rapid emptying of the right side of the heart 
B) forceful action of the valves in the veins 
C) contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle 
D) peristalsis in the large veins 
A) rapid emptying of the right side of the heart 
B) forceful action of the valves in the veins 
C) contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle 
D) peristalsis in the large veins C

Question 2

The classic early manifestation(s)of left-sided congestive heart failure are ____,whereas the early indicator(s)of right-sided failure are _______.

Accepted Answer

A) palpitations and periodic chest pain;shortness of breath on exertion 
B) swelling of the ankles and abdomen;chest pain 
C) shortness of breath on exertion or lying down;swelling of the ankles 
D) coughing up frothy sputum;hepatomegaly and splenomegaly 
A) palpitations and periodic chest pain;shortness of breath on exertion 
B) swelling of the ankles and abdomen;chest pain 
C) shortness of breath on exertion or lying down;swelling of the ankles 
D) coughing up frothy sputum;hepatomegaly and splenomegaly C

Question 3

What is the function of the baroreceptors? To:

Accepted Answer

A) stimulate the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems at the SA node as needed 
B) adjust blood pressure by changing peripheral resistance 
C) sense a change in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels 
D) signal the cardiovascular control center of changes in systemic blood pressure 
A) stimulate the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems at the SA node as needed 
B) adjust blood pressure by changing peripheral resistance 
C) sense a change in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels 
D) signal the cardiovascular control center of changes in systemic blood pressure D

Question 4

What does the term cardiac arrest mean?

Accepted Answer

A) cardiac output is less than the demand 
B) decreased circulating blood volume 
C) missing a ventricular contraction 
D) cessation of all cardiac function 
A) cardiac output is less than the demand 
B) decreased circulating blood volume 
C) missing a ventricular contraction 
D) cessation of all cardiac function

Question 5

When is a diagnosis of essential hypertension likely to be considered in young or middle-aged individuals?

Accepted Answer

A) blood pressure remains consistently above 140/90 
B) blood pressure fluctuates between 130/ 85 and 180/105 
C) blood pressure increases rapidly and is unresponsive to medication 
D) chronic kidney disease leads to consistently elevated blood pressure 
A) blood pressure remains consistently above 140/90 
B) blood pressure fluctuates between 130/ 85 and 180/105 
C) blood pressure increases rapidly and is unresponsive to medication 
D) chronic kidney disease leads to consistently elevated blood pressure

Question 6

Which of the following would confirm the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction?
1)specific changes in the ECG
2)marked leukocytosis and increased ESR
3)elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum
4)pattern of pain

Accepted Answer

A) 1,2 
B) 1,3 
C) 2,4 
D) 3,4 
A) 1,2 
B) 1,3 
C) 2,4 
D) 3,4

Question 7

Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested by:

Accepted Answer

A) fever and flushed face 
B) elevated blood pressure 
C) increased urinary output 
D) slow bounding pulse 
A) fever and flushed face 
B) elevated blood pressure 
C) increased urinary output 
D) slow bounding pulse

Question 8

Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation?
1)decreased viscosity of the blood
2)damaged blood vessel walls
3)immobility
4)prosthetic valves

Accepted Answer

A) 1,3 
B) 2,4 
C) 1,3,4 
D) 2,3,4 
A) 1,3 
B) 2,4 
C) 1,3,4 
D) 2,3,4

Question 9

Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity correctly?

Accepted Answer

A) It contains sufficient fluid to provide a protective cushion for the heart. 
B) It is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid. 
C) It is lined by the endocardium. 
D) It is located between the double-walled pericardium and the epicardium. 
A) It contains sufficient fluid to provide a protective cushion for the heart. 
B) It is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid. 
C) It is lined by the endocardium. 
D) It is located between the double-walled pericardium and the epicardium.

Question 10

Why does pericarditis cause a reduction in cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

A) Delays in the conduction system interfere with cardiac rhythm. 
B) Due to friction rub,the myocardial contractions are weak. 
C) Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity decreases ventricular filling. 
D) Incompetent valves allow regurgitation of blood. 
A) Delays in the conduction system interfere with cardiac rhythm. 
B) Due to friction rub,the myocardial contractions are weak. 
C) Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity decreases ventricular filling. 
D) Incompetent valves allow regurgitation of blood.

Question 11

What does the term arteriosclerosis specifically refer to?

Accepted Answer

A) development of atheromas in large arteries 
B) intermittent vasospasm in coronary arteries 
C) degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries 
D) ischemia and necrosis in the brain,kidneys,and heart 
A) development of atheromas in large arteries 
B) intermittent vasospasm in coronary arteries 
C) degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries 
D) ischemia and necrosis in the brain,kidneys,and heart

Question 12

What indicates compensation for shock?

Accepted Answer

A) increased heart rate and oliguria 
B) lethargy and decreased responsiveness 
C) warm,dry,flushed skin 
D) weak,thready pulse 
A) increased heart rate and oliguria 
B) lethargy and decreased responsiveness 
C) warm,dry,flushed skin 
D) weak,thready pulse

Question 13

In children with tetralogy of Fallot,why does unoxygenated blood enter the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

A) The aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions. 
B) Pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures. 
C) The left ventricular wall has hypertrophied. 
D) The septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria. 
A) The aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions. 
B) Pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures. 
C) The left ventricular wall has hypertrophied. 
D) The septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.

Question 14

Prophylactic antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin are given to those with certain congenital heart defects or damaged heart valves immediately before invasive procedures to prevent:

Accepted Answer

A) formation of septic thrombi 
B) infectious endocarditis 
C) abscess formation 
D) myocarditis 
A) formation of septic thrombi 
B) infectious endocarditis 
C) abscess formation 
D) myocarditis

Question 15

Which of the following is a sign of aortic stenosis?

Accepted Answer

A) increased cardiac output 
B) congestion in the liver,spleen,and legs 
C) flushed face and headache 
D) a heart murmur 
A) increased cardiac output 
B) congestion in the liver,spleen,and legs 
C) flushed face and headache 
D) a heart murmur

Question 16

Where is uncontrolled hypertension most likely to cause ischemia and loss of function?

Accepted Answer

A) kidneys,brain,and retinas of the eye 
B) peripheral arteries in the legs 
C) aorta and coronary arteries 
D) liver,spleen,and stomach 
A) kidneys,brain,and retinas of the eye 
B) peripheral arteries in the legs 
C) aorta and coronary arteries 
D) liver,spleen,and stomach

Question 17

Which of the following are significant signs of right-sided congestive heart failure?

Accepted Answer

A) severe chest pain and tachycardia 
B) edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly 
C) frequent cough with blood-streaked frothy sputum 
D) orthopnea,fatigue,increased blood pressure 
A) severe chest pain and tachycardia 
B) edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly 
C) frequent cough with blood-streaked frothy sputum 
D) orthopnea,fatigue,increased blood pressure

Question 18

Common signs of rheumatic fever include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) arthritis causing deformity of the small joints in the hands and feet 
B) erythematous skin rash and subcutaneous nodules 
C) epistaxis,tachycardia,and fever 
D) elevated ASO titer and leukocytosis 
A) arthritis causing deformity of the small joints in the hands and feet 
B) erythematous skin rash and subcutaneous nodules 
C) epistaxis,tachycardia,and fever 
D) elevated ASO titer and leukocytosis

Question 19

The right side of the heart would fail first in the case of:
1)severe mitral valve stenosis
2)uncontrolled essential hypertension
3)large infarction in the right ventricle
4)advanced COPD

Accepted Answer

A) 1,2 
B) 2,3 
C) 1,4 
D) 3,4 
A) 1,2 
B) 2,3 
C) 1,4 
D) 3,4

Question 20

Which drug is taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion?

Accepted Answer

A) acetylsalicylic acid (AS
A)  
B) streptokinase 
C) acetaminophen 
D) heparin 
A) acetylsalicylic acid (AS
A)  
B) streptokinase 
C) acetaminophen 
D) heparin

Exam 18: Cardiovascular Disorders

Which of the following factors greatly improves venous return to the heart during strenuous exercise?

The classic early manifestation(s)of left-sided congestive heart failure are ____,whereas the early indicator(s)of right-sided failure are _______.

What is the function of the baroreceptors? To:

What does the term cardiac arrest mean?

When is a diagnosis of essential hypertension likely to be considered in young or middle-aged individuals?

Which of the following would confirm the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction? 1)specific changes in the ECG 2)marked leukocytosis and increased ESR 3)elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum 4)pattern of pain

Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested by:

Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation? 1)decreased viscosity of the blood 2)damaged blood vessel walls 3)immobility 4)prosthetic valves

Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity correctly?

Why does pericarditis cause a reduction in cardiac output?

What does the term arteriosclerosis specifically refer to?

What indicates compensation for shock?

In children with tetralogy of Fallot,why does unoxygenated blood enter the systemic circulation?

Prophylactic antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin are given to those with certain congenital heart defects or damaged heart valves immediately before invasive procedures to prevent:

Which of the following is a sign of aortic stenosis?

Where is uncontrolled hypertension most likely to cause ischemia and loss of function?

Which of the following are significant signs of right-sided congestive heart failure?

Common signs of rheumatic fever include all of the following EXCEPT:

The right side of the heart would fail first in the case of: 1)severe mitral valve stenosis 2)uncontrolled essential hypertension 3)large infarction in the right ventricle 4)advanced COPD

Which drug is taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Inflammation and Healing

Immunity and Abnormal Responses

Infection

Neoplasms

Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Diseases Associated With Adolescence

Potential Complications of Pregnancy

Aging and Disease Processes

Effects of Immobility

The Influence of Stress

Pain

Substance Abuse

Environmental Hazards

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies

Blood and Lymphatic Disorders

Respiratory Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Acute Neurological Disorders

Chronic Neurologic Disorders

Disorders of the Eye and Ear

Endocrine Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Skin Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

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The classic early manifestation(s)of left-sided congestive heart failure are ,whereas the early indicator(s)of right-sided failure are ___.