Question 1

When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood,what happens to serum pH? The pH:

Accepted Answer

A) decreases 
B) increases 
C) remains constant 
A) decreases 
B) increases 
C) remains constant A

Question 2

What is the slowest,but most effective control for acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory system 
B) buffer systems in the blood 
C) kidneys 
D) brain 
A) respiratory system 
B) buffer systems in the blood 
C) kidneys 
D) brain C

Question 3

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

Accepted Answer

A) Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities. 
B) All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys. 
C) The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant. 
D) The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20. 
A) Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities. 
B) All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys. 
C) The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant. 
D) The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20. D

Question 4

Which of the following causes tetany?

Accepted Answer

A) increased permeability of nerve membranes 
B) insufficient calcium in skeletal muscle 
C) excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves 
D) increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex 
A) increased permeability of nerve membranes 
B) insufficient calcium in skeletal muscle 
C) excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves 
D) increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex

Question 5

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) bradycardia 
B) drowsiness 
C) muscle twitches 
D) decreased urine pH 
A) bradycardia 
B) drowsiness 
C) muscle twitches 
D) decreased urine pH

Question 6

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:

Accepted Answer

A) hypokalemia 
B) hypernatremia 
C) hyperchloremia 
D) hypovolemia 
A) hypokalemia 
B) hypernatremia 
C) hyperchloremia 
D) hypovolemia

Question 7

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

Accepted Answer

A) bone metabolism 
B) metabolic processes involving ATP 
C) blood clotting 
D) acid-base balance 
A) bone metabolism 
B) metabolic processes involving ATP 
C) blood clotting 
D) acid-base balance

Question 8

Prolonged diarrhea results in:

Accepted Answer

A) loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis 
B) increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis 
C) loss of chloride ions only,leading to metabolic alkalosis 
D) surplus bicarbonate ions,leading to respiratory alkalosis 
A) loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis 
B) increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis 
C) loss of chloride ions only,leading to metabolic alkalosis 
D) surplus bicarbonate ions,leading to respiratory alkalosis

Question 9

What does acidosis cause?

Accepted Answer

A) CNS hyperexcitability and nervousness 
B) hypokalemia 
C) CNS depression and drowsiness 
D) hypernatremia 
A) CNS hyperexcitability and nervousness 
B) hypokalemia 
C) CNS depression and drowsiness 
D) hypernatremia

Question 10

Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?

Accepted Answer

A) increased carbonic acid 
B) decreased carbonic acid 
C) increased bicarbonate ion 
D) decreased bicarbonate ion 
A) increased carbonic acid 
B) decreased carbonic acid 
C) increased bicarbonate ion 
D) decreased bicarbonate ion

Question 11

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Accepted Answer

A) blocking normal nerve conduction 
B) increasing the permeability of nerve membranes 
C) blocking movement of calcium ions 
D) depressing inhibitory actions 
A) blocking normal nerve conduction 
B) increasing the permeability of nerve membranes 
C) blocking movement of calcium ions 
D) depressing inhibitory actions

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of sodium ion?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a cation. 
B) It is present primarily in the intracellular fluid. 
C) It shifts out of the blood by active transport. 
D) Blood levels are controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone). 
A) It is a cation. 
B) It is present primarily in the intracellular fluid. 
C) It shifts out of the blood by active transport. 
D) Blood levels are controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

Question 13

Which two ions are most important in acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

A) K+,Na+ 
B) Cl- and HCO₃ 
C) Ca++,Na+ 
D) Na+,Cl- 
A) K+,Na+ 
B) Cl- and HCO₃ 
C) Ca++,Na+ 
D) Na+,Cl-

Question 14

An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:

Accepted Answer

A) increased PCO₂ 
B) decreased PCO₂ 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) metabolic acidosis 
A) increased PCO₂ 
B) decreased PCO₂ 
C) respiratory acidosis 
D) metabolic acidosis

Question 15

When excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body,serum:

Accepted Answer

A) bicarbonate ion levels decrease 
B) bicarbonate ion levels increase 
C) carbonic acid levels increase 
D) pH increases 
A) bicarbonate ion levels decrease 
B) bicarbonate ion levels increase 
C) carbonic acid levels increase 
D) pH increases

Question 16

Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:

Accepted Answer

A) increased ADH 
B) decreased aldosterone 
C) slow,strong heart contraction 
D) peripheral vasodilation 
A) increased ADH 
B) decreased aldosterone 
C) slow,strong heart contraction 
D) peripheral vasodilation

Question 17

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal,water would shift from the:

Accepted Answer

A) blood into the cells 
B) interstitial compartment into the cells 
C) interstitial compartment into the blood 
D) cells into the interstitial compartment 
A) blood into the cells 
B) interstitial compartment into the cells 
C) interstitial compartment into the blood 
D) cells into the interstitial compartment

Question 18

Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:

Accepted Answer

A) perspiration only 
B) feces only 
C) perspiration and expiration 
D) urine and feces 
A) perspiration only 
B) feces only 
C) perspiration and expiration 
D) urine and feces

Question 19

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A) skeletal muscle twitch and cramps 
B) oliguria 
C) elevated serum pH 
D) cardiac arrhythmias 
A) skeletal muscle twitch and cramps 
B) oliguria 
C) elevated serum pH 
D) cardiac arrhythmias

Question 20

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

Accepted Answer

A) permeability of nerve membranes increases 
B) insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction 
C) low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction 
D) excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle 
A) permeability of nerve membranes increases 
B) insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction 
C) low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction 
D) excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle

Exam 6: Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood,what happens to serum pH? The pH:

What is the slowest,but most effective control for acid-base balance?

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

Which of the following causes tetany?

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

Prolonged diarrhea results in:

What does acidosis cause?

Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Which of the following is a characteristic of sodium ion?

Which two ions are most important in acid-base balance in the body?

An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:

When excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body,serum:

Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal,water would shift from the:

Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Inflammation and Healing

Immunity and Abnormal Responses

Infection

Neoplasms

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Diseases Associated With Adolescence

Potential Complications of Pregnancy

Aging and Disease Processes

Effects of Immobility

The Influence of Stress

Pain

Substance Abuse

Environmental Hazards

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies

Blood and Lymphatic Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

Respiratory Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Acute Neurological Disorders

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Disorders of the Eye and Ear

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