Question 1

When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis,which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?

Accepted Answer

A) diffusion 
B) osmosis 
C) ultrafiltration 
D) active transport 
A) diffusion 
B) osmosis 
C) ultrafiltration 
D) active transport D

Question 2

Renal disease frequently causes hypertension because:

Accepted Answer

A) albuminuria increases vascular volume 
B) congestion and ischemia stimulates release of renin 
C) ADH secretion is decreased 
D) damaged tubules absorb large amounts of filtrate 
A) albuminuria increases vascular volume 
B) congestion and ischemia stimulates release of renin 
C) ADH secretion is decreased 
D) damaged tubules absorb large amounts of filtrate B

Question 3

Normally,which of the following is reabsorbed completely from the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

A) glucose 
B) sodium 
C) water 
D) urea 
A) glucose 
B) sodium 
C) water 
D) urea A

Question 4

What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?

Accepted Answer

A) decreased parathyroid hormone secretion 
B) insufficient calcium in the diet 
C) excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine 
D) a deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia 
A) decreased parathyroid hormone secretion 
B) insufficient calcium in the diet 
C) excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine 
D) a deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia

Question 5

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

Accepted Answer

A) sympathetic nerves in the sacral spinal cord 
B) relaxation of the internal sphincter of the bladder 
C) increased pressure distending the bladder 
D) contraction of the bladder 
A) sympathetic nerves in the sacral spinal cord 
B) relaxation of the internal sphincter of the bladder 
C) increased pressure distending the bladder 
D) contraction of the bladder

Question 6

When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure,a key indicator is:

Accepted Answer

A) increased PCO₂ 
B) increased bicarbonate ion 
C) serum pH dropping below 7.35 
D) serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ion to 1 carbonic acid 
A) increased PCO₂ 
B) increased bicarbonate ion 
C) serum pH dropping below 7.35 
D) serum buffer ratio of 20 bicarbonate ion to 1 carbonic acid

Question 7

Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) hypercalcemia 
B) hyperlipidemia 
C) inadequate fluid intake 
D) hyperuricemia 
A) hypercalcemia 
B) hyperlipidemia 
C) inadequate fluid intake 
D) hyperuricemia

Question 8

Circulatory shock causes:

Accepted Answer

A) decreased GFR and increased renin secretion 
B) increased ADH and decreased aldosterone secretion 
C) immediate tubule necrosis and obstruction 
D) SNS stimulation and vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles 
E) increased angiotensin II and systemic vasodilation 
A) decreased GFR and increased renin secretion 
B) increased ADH and decreased aldosterone secretion 
C) immediate tubule necrosis and obstruction 
D) SNS stimulation and vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles 
E) increased angiotensin II and systemic vasodilation

Question 9

Urinary casts are present with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis because of:

Accepted Answer

A) large numbers of microbes and leukocytes enter the filtrate 
B) ruptured capillaries release debris into the tubules 
C) normal reabsorption of cells and proteins cannot take place 
D) inflamed tubules mold RBCs and protein into a typical mass 
A) large numbers of microbes and leukocytes enter the filtrate 
B) ruptured capillaries release debris into the tubules 
C) normal reabsorption of cells and proteins cannot take place 
D) inflamed tubules mold RBCs and protein into a typical mass

Question 10

Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?

Accepted Answer

A) proximal convoluted tubule 
B) glomerulus 
C) loop of Henle 
D) afferent arteriole 
A) proximal convoluted tubule 
B) glomerulus 
C) loop of Henle 
D) afferent arteriole

Question 11

Which of the following causes acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A) polycystic kidney disease 
B) pyelonephritis in the right kidney 
C) nephrosclerosis 
D) bilateral acute glomerulonephritis 
A) polycystic kidney disease 
B) pyelonephritis in the right kidney 
C) nephrosclerosis 
D) bilateral acute glomerulonephritis

Question 12

Which pathophysiologic process applies to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A) streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions 
B) ischemic damage occurs in the tubules,causing obstruction and decreased GFR 
C) immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue,causing inflammation 
D) increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons 
A) streptococcal infection affects both the glomerular and tubule functions 
B) ischemic damage occurs in the tubules,causing obstruction and decreased GFR 
C) immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue,causing inflammation 
D) increased glomerular permeability for unknown reasons

Question 13

Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children?

Accepted Answer

A) polycystic kidney 
B) horseshoe kidney 
C) hypoplasia of the kidney 
D) vesicoureteral reflux 
A) polycystic kidney 
B) horseshoe kidney 
C) hypoplasia of the kidney 
D) vesicoureteral reflux

Question 14

When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body,how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids?

Accepted Answer

A) Increase the flow of filtrate. 
B) Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions. 
C) Excrete a larger volume of more dilute urine. 
D) Retain more potassium ions in exchange for sodium ions. 
A) Increase the flow of filtrate. 
B) Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions. 
C) Excrete a larger volume of more dilute urine. 
D) Retain more potassium ions in exchange for sodium ions.

Question 15

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

Accepted Answer

A) microbes,leukocytes,and pus in the urine 
B) painful micturition 
C) urgency and frequency 
D) urinary casts and flank pain 
A) microbes,leukocytes,and pus in the urine 
B) painful micturition 
C) urgency and frequency 
D) urinary casts and flank pain

Question 16

Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?

Accepted Answer

A) collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder 
B) renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder to the ureter 
C) ureter to the renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder 
D) collecting duct to the ureter to the urethra 
A) collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder 
B) renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder to the ureter 
C) ureter to the renal pelvis to the urethra to the bladder 
D) collecting duct to the ureter to the urethra

Question 17

Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?

Accepted Answer

A) urine with pH of 5 
B) increased serum urea and creatinine 
C) urine with high specific gravity 
D) increased blood pressure 
A) urine with pH of 5 
B) increased serum urea and creatinine 
C) urine with high specific gravity 
D) increased blood pressure

Question 18

What is a cause of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A) prolonged circulatory shock 
B) sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins 
C) crush injuries or burns 
D) all of the above 
A) prolonged circulatory shock 
B) sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins 
C) crush injuries or burns 
D) all of the above

Question 19

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?

Accepted Answer

A) nephrotic syndrome 
B) cystitis 
C) glomerulonephritis 
D) urolithiasis 
A) nephrotic syndrome 
B) cystitis 
C) glomerulonephritis 
D) urolithiasis

Question 20

Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) control of blood flow by the sympathetic nervous system 
B) the secretion of renin and activation of angiotensin 
C) local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow 
D) the control of systemic blood pressure by the kidneys 
A) control of blood flow by the sympathetic nervous system 
B) the secretion of renin and activation of angiotensin 
C) local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow 
D) the control of systemic blood pressure by the kidneys

Exam 21: Urinary System Disorders

When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis,which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?

Renal disease frequently causes hypertension because:

Normally,which of the following is reabsorbed completely from the filtrate?

What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure,a key indicator is:

Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:

Circulatory shock causes:

Urinary casts are present with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis because of:

Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?

Which of the following causes acute renal failure?

Which pathophysiologic process applies to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children?

When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body,how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids?

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?

Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?

What is a cause of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?

Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Inflammation and Healing

Immunity and Abnormal Responses

Infection

Neoplasms

Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Diseases Associated With Adolescence

Potential Complications of Pregnancy

Aging and Disease Processes

Effects of Immobility

The Influence of Stress

Pain

Substance Abuse

Environmental Hazards

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies

Blood and Lymphatic Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

Respiratory Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Acute Neurological Disorders

Chronic Neurologic Disorders

Disorders of the Eye and Ear

Endocrine Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Skin Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

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