Question 1

How is the presence of spina bifida diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

A) prenatally by ultrasound or detection of AFP in maternal blood or amniotic fluid 
B) only after birth by direct observation of the sac 
C) after birth when the sac herniates as CSF builds up 
D) only with a spinal x-ray 
A) prenatally by ultrasound or detection of AFP in maternal blood or amniotic fluid 
B) only after birth by direct observation of the sac 
C) after birth when the sac herniates as CSF builds up 
D) only with a spinal x-ray A

Question 2

Which of the following are typical early signs of Alzheimer's disease?
1)behavioral changes
2)reduced ability to reason and problem solve
3)decreased verbal responses
4)urinary incontinence

Accepted Answer

A) 1,2 
B) 1,4 
C) 2,3 
D) 1,3,4 
A) 1,2 
B) 1,4 
C) 2,3 
D) 1,3,4 A

Question 3

What causes a herniated intervertebral disc?

Accepted Answer

A) a tear in the nucleus pulposus 
B) a protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosis 
C) displacement of the annulus fibrosis between the laminae 
D) failure of the spinous processes to restrict movement of the intervertebral disc 
A) a tear in the nucleus pulposus 
B) a protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosis 
C) displacement of the annulus fibrosis between the laminae 
D) failure of the spinous processes to restrict movement of the intervertebral disc B

Question 4

What is the typical initial effect of a herniated intervertebral disc at the L4 to L5 level?

Accepted Answer

A) back pain and weakness at waist level 
B) muscle weakness in both legs 
C) lower back pain radiating down the leg 
D) urinary incontinence 
A) back pain and weakness at waist level 
B) muscle weakness in both legs 
C) lower back pain radiating down the leg 
D) urinary incontinence

Question 5

In which disorders do biochemical abnormalities involving the neurotransmitters in the brain occur?
1)bipolar disorder
2)schizophrenia
3)Huntington's disease
4)AIDS dementia

Accepted Answer

A) 1,3 
B) 1,4 
C) 1,2,3 
D) 2,3,4 
A) 1,3 
B) 1,4 
C) 1,2,3 
D) 2,3,4

Question 6

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by:

Accepted Answer

A) inheritance of an autosomal dominant trait 
B) infection in the brain by HIV 
C) an autoimmune reaction that damages nerve receptors 
D) infection in the brain by a prion 
A) inheritance of an autosomal dominant trait 
B) infection in the brain by HIV 
C) an autoimmune reaction that damages nerve receptors 
D) infection in the brain by a prion

Question 7

The best description of a myelomeningocele is:

Accepted Answer

A) asymptomatic failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebrae to fuse 
B) herniation of the meninges and CSF through a vertebral defect 
C) herniation of the meninges,CSF,and spinal cord or nerves through a vertebral defect 
D) herniation of brain tissue through a defect in the cranium 
A) asymptomatic failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebrae to fuse 
B) herniation of the meninges and CSF through a vertebral defect 
C) herniation of the meninges,CSF,and spinal cord or nerves through a vertebral defect 
D) herniation of brain tissue through a defect in the cranium

Question 8

Which of the following is used both to confirm the diagnosis and classify seizures?

Accepted Answer

A) characteristics of the aura 
B) presence of precipitating factors 
C) electroencephalogram 
D) changes in the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid 
A) characteristics of the aura 
B) presence of precipitating factors 
C) electroencephalogram 
D) changes in the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 9

The defective gene for Huntington's disease can be detected in carriers.

Accepted Answer

A) true 
B) false 
A) true 
B) false

Question 10

From the following,choose the two events (in correct sequence)that immediately follow the aura during a tonic-clonic event:

Accepted Answer

A) prodromal signs,then the clonic stage 
B) clonic stage,then the tonic stage 
C) loss of consciousness,then the tonic stage 
D) loss of consciousness and cessation of respiration 
A) prodromal signs,then the clonic stage 
B) clonic stage,then the tonic stage 
C) loss of consciousness,then the tonic stage 
D) loss of consciousness and cessation of respiration

Question 11

Communicating hydrocephalus causes increased intracranial pressure because of:

Accepted Answer

A) atresia at the foramen magnum 
B) failure of the subarachnoid to absorb CSF 
C) obstruction in the lumbar area of the spinal cord 
D) scar tissue from encephalitis blocking flow of CSF 
A) atresia at the foramen magnum 
B) failure of the subarachnoid to absorb CSF 
C) obstruction in the lumbar area of the spinal cord 
D) scar tissue from encephalitis blocking flow of CSF

Question 12

Which of the following are common early signs of multiple sclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A) paralysis of the lower body,impaired cognitive function 
B) tremors,weakness in the legs,visual problems 
C) sensory deficit in the legs and trunk,memory loss,urinary incontinence 
D) tremors,speech impairment,hearing loss 
A) paralysis of the lower body,impaired cognitive function 
B) tremors,weakness in the legs,visual problems 
C) sensory deficit in the legs and trunk,memory loss,urinary incontinence 
D) tremors,speech impairment,hearing loss

Question 13

Failure of the spinous processes to fuse but without herniation of the meninges is called:

Accepted Answer

A) spina bifida occulta 
B) meningocele 
C) myelomeningocele 
D) encephalocele 
A) spina bifida occulta 
B) meningocele 
C) myelomeningocele 
D) encephalocele

Question 14

Which of the following is a typical early sign of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Accepted Answer

A) impaired ventilation 
B) cognitive impairment 
C) poor control of eye movement 
D) weakness and muscle atrophy in upper limbs 
A) impaired ventilation 
B) cognitive impairment 
C) poor control of eye movement 
D) weakness and muscle atrophy in upper limbs

Question 15

Which of the following is the most common cause of brain damage in children with cerebral palsy?

Accepted Answer

A) hyperbilirubinemia 
B) hypoglycemia 
C) hypoxia 
D) trauma 
A) hyperbilirubinemia 
B) hypoglycemia 
C) hypoxia 
D) trauma

Question 16

Which statement is TRUE about the condition depression?

Accepted Answer

A) It is classified as a mood disorder. 
B) Episodes of intense fear are recurrent. 
C) It is marked by periods of sadness,hopelessness and inability to concentrate. 
D) a,b 
E) a,c 
A) It is classified as a mood disorder. 
B) Episodes of intense fear are recurrent. 
C) It is marked by periods of sadness,hopelessness and inability to concentrate. 
D) a,b 
E) a,c

Question 17

All of the following are typical signs of hydrocephalus in the neonate EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) enlarged head with bulging fontanels 
B) vomiting,headache,and paralysis 
C) irritability and feeding difficulties 
D) eyes are turned downward with sclerae showing above the pupils 
A) enlarged head with bulging fontanels 
B) vomiting,headache,and paralysis 
C) irritability and feeding difficulties 
D) eyes are turned downward with sclerae showing above the pupils

Question 18

Which of the following applies to cerebral palsy?

Accepted Answer

A) nonprogressive brain damage to the fetus or neonate 
B) a genetic defect affecting metabolism and causing degeneration in the neurons 
C) a developmental error during early growth of the peripheral nervous system 
D) a chromosomal defect resulting in abnormalities in many body structures 
A) nonprogressive brain damage to the fetus or neonate 
B) a genetic defect affecting metabolism and causing degeneration in the neurons 
C) a developmental error during early growth of the peripheral nervous system 
D) a chromosomal defect resulting in abnormalities in many body structures

Question 19

Which statement does NOT apply to status epilepticus?

Accepted Answer

A) Seizures are recurrent or continuous without full recovery between episodes. 
B) Severe hypoxia and acidosis develop. 
C) This condition occurs only in idiopathic seizures. 
D) If the episode persists,there may be additional brain damage. 
A) Seizures are recurrent or continuous without full recovery between episodes. 
B) Severe hypoxia and acidosis develop. 
C) This condition occurs only in idiopathic seizures. 
D) If the episode persists,there may be additional brain damage.

Question 20

Which statement is TRUE about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Accepted Answer

A) Cognitive function remains normal. 
B) ALS affects primarily young women. 
C) Sensory neurons are damaged initially. 
D) Cause of death is usually a cardiac arrhythmia. 
A) Cognitive function remains normal. 
B) ALS affects primarily young women. 
C) Sensory neurons are damaged initially. 
D) Cause of death is usually a cardiac arrhythmia.

Exam 23: Chronic Neurologic Disorders

How is the presence of spina bifida diagnosed?

Which of the following are typical early signs of Alzheimer's disease? 1)behavioral changes 2)reduced ability to reason and problem solve 3)decreased verbal responses 4)urinary incontinence

What causes a herniated intervertebral disc?

What is the typical initial effect of a herniated intervertebral disc at the L4 to L5 level?

In which disorders do biochemical abnormalities involving the neurotransmitters in the brain occur? 1)bipolar disorder 2)schizophrenia 3)Huntington's disease 4)AIDS dementia

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by:

The best description of a myelomeningocele is:

Which of the following is used both to confirm the diagnosis and classify seizures?

The defective gene for Huntington's disease can be detected in carriers.

From the following,choose the two events (in correct sequence)that immediately follow the aura during a tonic-clonic event:

Communicating hydrocephalus causes increased intracranial pressure because of:

Which of the following are common early signs of multiple sclerosis?

Failure of the spinous processes to fuse but without herniation of the meninges is called:

Which of the following is a typical early sign of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Which of the following is the most common cause of brain damage in children with cerebral palsy?

Which statement is TRUE about the condition depression?

All of the following are typical signs of hydrocephalus in the neonate EXCEPT:

Which of the following applies to cerebral palsy?

Which statement does NOT apply to status epilepticus?

Which statement is TRUE about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Inflammation and Healing

Immunity and Abnormal Responses

Infection

Neoplasms

Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Diseases Associated With Adolescence

Potential Complications of Pregnancy

Aging and Disease Processes

Effects of Immobility

The Influence of Stress

Pain

Substance Abuse

Environmental Hazards

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies

Blood and Lymphatic Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

Respiratory Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Acute Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye and Ear

Endocrine Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Skin Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

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