Question 1

What method do viruses use to replicate?

Accepted Answer

A) binary fission 
B) budding of a daughter cell from the parent viral cell 
C) producing reproductive spores 
D) using a host cell to produce and assemble components 
A) binary fission 
B) budding of a daughter cell from the parent viral cell 
C) producing reproductive spores 
D) using a host cell to produce and assemble components D

Question 2

Opportunistic infection may develop when:

Accepted Answer

A) pathogens enter the body but cannot colonize the site of entry 
B) a member of resident flora migrates and colonizes a new location in the body 
C) host resistance increases,and the balance of resident flora is restored 
D) contaminated food or water is unknowingly ingested 
A) pathogens enter the body but cannot colonize the site of entry 
B) a member of resident flora migrates and colonizes a new location in the body 
C) host resistance increases,and the balance of resident flora is restored 
D) contaminated food or water is unknowingly ingested B

Question 3

Fungi reproduce by:
1)budding
2)extension of hyphae
3)binary fission
4)production of spores

Accepted Answer

A) 1,2 
B) 2,4 
C) 1,2,4 
D) 2,3,4 
A) 1,2 
B) 2,4 
C) 1,2,4 
D) 2,3,4 C

Question 4

Entamoeba histolytica is transmitted by:

Accepted Answer

A) mosquitoes (bites) 
B) inhaling contaminated particles 
C) sexual intercourse 
D) cysts in feces 
A) mosquitoes (bites) 
B) inhaling contaminated particles 
C) sexual intercourse 
D) cysts in feces

Question 5

What does the term carrier mean?

Accepted Answer

A) a person with active infection who acts as a reservoir for microbes 
B) animals,insects,objects,or surfaces contaminated by pathogens 
C) an individual who is contagious through infected secretions on the hands 
D) an asymptomatic person whose body harbors pathogens and can transmit them to others 
A) a person with active infection who acts as a reservoir for microbes 
B) animals,insects,objects,or surfaces contaminated by pathogens 
C) an individual who is contagious through infected secretions on the hands 
D) an asymptomatic person whose body harbors pathogens and can transmit them to others

Question 6

A broad-spectrum bactericidal agent would be expected to:

Accepted Answer

A) destroy many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 
B) destroy all pathogenic microbes in contact with the agent 
C) reduce the replication of many bacteria 
D) inhibit the growth of most spores and acid-fast bacteria 
A) destroy many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria 
B) destroy all pathogenic microbes in contact with the agent 
C) reduce the replication of many bacteria 
D) inhibit the growth of most spores and acid-fast bacteria

Question 7

Transmission of microbes by direct contact includes:

Accepted Answer

A) touching a contaminated countertop 
B) sexual intercourse 
C) drinking contaminated water 
D) inhaling dust-borne microbes 
A) touching a contaminated countertop 
B) sexual intercourse 
C) drinking contaminated water 
D) inhaling dust-borne microbes

Question 8

Which of the following is a local sign of infection?

Accepted Answer

A) fever and leukocytosis 
B) headache and anorexia 
C) pain,erythema,and swelling 
D) nausea,weight loss,and fatigue 
A) fever and leukocytosis 
B) headache and anorexia 
C) pain,erythema,and swelling 
D) nausea,weight loss,and fatigue

Question 9

Secondary infection may occur with administration of antibacterial drugs because the:

Accepted Answer

A) patient is allergic to the drug 
B) balance of species in the resident flora is upset 
C) mucosa of the stomach is irritated 
D) infecting microbes spread to adjacent areas 
A) patient is allergic to the drug 
B) balance of species in the resident flora is upset 
C) mucosa of the stomach is irritated 
D) infecting microbes spread to adjacent areas

Question 10

Microbial mutation means that:

Accepted Answer

A) genetic information and some microbial characteristics have changed 
B) pathogens become nonpathogens 
C) the microbe survives adverse conditions but can no longer replicate 
D) the immune response to that microbe is strengthened 
A) genetic information and some microbial characteristics have changed 
B) pathogens become nonpathogens 
C) the microbe survives adverse conditions but can no longer replicate 
D) the immune response to that microbe is strengthened

Question 11

All types of microorganisms can be killed by proper use of:

Accepted Answer

A) autoclaves 
B) 70% isopropyl alcohol 
C) antiseptics 
D) frequent hand-washing with antibacterial soaps 
A) autoclaves 
B) 70% isopropyl alcohol 
C) antiseptics 
D) frequent hand-washing with antibacterial soaps

Question 12

Secondary bacterial infections occur frequently during influenza epidemics primarily because:

Accepted Answer

A) antiviral drugs lower host resistance 
B) the virus causes extensive tissue inflammation and necrosis 
C) respiratory droplets transmit infections 
D) the viral infection is usually self-limiting 
A) antiviral drugs lower host resistance 
B) the virus causes extensive tissue inflammation and necrosis 
C) respiratory droplets transmit infections 
D) the viral infection is usually self-limiting

Question 13

Which of the following statements applies to Influenza A H1N1?

Accepted Answer

A) It alters human chromosomes to cause manifestations. 
B) It usually causes severe respiratory distress and high fever. 
C) Complications are common in the elderly. 
D) It contains genetic material from avian,swine,and human viruses. 
A) It alters human chromosomes to cause manifestations. 
B) It usually causes severe respiratory distress and high fever. 
C) Complications are common in the elderly. 
D) It contains genetic material from avian,swine,and human viruses.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of interferons? They:

Accepted Answer

A) block the invasion of pathogenic bacteria 
B) reduce the inflammatory response to local infection 
C) increase host cell resistance to viral invasion 
D) may facilitate the spread of some cancer cells 
A) block the invasion of pathogenic bacteria 
B) reduce the inflammatory response to local infection 
C) increase host cell resistance to viral invasion 
D) may facilitate the spread of some cancer cells

Question 15

When do clinical signs of infection appear?

Accepted Answer

A) as soon as pathogens penetrate the skin or mucous membrane 
B) as soon as microbes begin to replicate 
C) when the microbial colony is large enough to damage the host 
D) after the immune system is activated 
A) as soon as pathogens penetrate the skin or mucous membrane 
B) as soon as microbes begin to replicate 
C) when the microbial colony is large enough to damage the host 
D) after the immune system is activated

Question 16

A retrovirus such as HIV contains:

Accepted Answer

A) RNA and enzymes for its conversion 
B) a double strand of DNA 
C) many enzymes to limit budding of new virions 
D) numerous mitochondria 
A) RNA and enzymes for its conversion 
B) a double strand of DNA 
C) many enzymes to limit budding of new virions 
D) numerous mitochondria

Question 17

The principle of Universal Precautions is based on:

Accepted Answer

A) using disinfectants at all times to eliminate cross-infections 
B) not touching any open or bleeding lesions 
C) sterilizing all instruments and equipment after each use 
D) assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection 
A) using disinfectants at all times to eliminate cross-infections 
B) not touching any open or bleeding lesions 
C) sterilizing all instruments and equipment after each use 
D) assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection

Question 18

Which area of the body is considered sterile?

Accepted Answer

A) stomach 
B) pharynx 
C) distal urethra 
D) vagina 
A) stomach 
B) pharynx 
C) distal urethra 
D) vagina

Question 19

What does a vaccine contain?

Accepted Answer

A) attenuated or dead pathogens or their toxins 
B) antibodies for a specific pathogen 
C) memory B-and T-lymphocytes for a specific pathogen 
D) chemicals to stimulate the immune response when a pathogen enters the body 
A) attenuated or dead pathogens or their toxins 
B) antibodies for a specific pathogen 
C) memory B-and T-lymphocytes for a specific pathogen 
D) chemicals to stimulate the immune response when a pathogen enters the body

Question 20

How do antiviral drugs act?

Accepted Answer

A) interfering with cell wall development 
B) decreasing cell membrane permeability 
C) destroying new,immature viral particles 
D) reducing the rate of viral replication 
A) interfering with cell wall development 
B) decreasing cell membrane permeability 
C) destroying new,immature viral particles 
D) reducing the rate of viral replication

Exam 4: Infection

What method do viruses use to replicate?

Opportunistic infection may develop when:

Fungi reproduce by: 1)budding 2)extension of hyphae 3)binary fission 4)production of spores

Entamoeba histolytica is transmitted by:

What does the term carrier mean?

A broad-spectrum bactericidal agent would be expected to:

Transmission of microbes by direct contact includes:

Which of the following is a local sign of infection?

Secondary infection may occur with administration of antibacterial drugs because the:

Microbial mutation means that:

All types of microorganisms can be killed by proper use of:

Secondary bacterial infections occur frequently during influenza epidemics primarily because:

Which of the following statements applies to Influenza A H1N1?

Which of the following is a function of interferons? They:

When do clinical signs of infection appear?

A retrovirus such as HIV contains:

The principle of Universal Precautions is based on:

Which area of the body is considered sterile?

What does a vaccine contain?

How do antiviral drugs act?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Inflammation and Healing

Immunity and Abnormal Responses

Neoplasms

Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Diseases Associated With Adolescence

Potential Complications of Pregnancy

Aging and Disease Processes

Effects of Immobility

The Influence of Stress

Pain

Substance Abuse

Environmental Hazards

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies

Blood and Lymphatic Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

Respiratory Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Acute Neurological Disorders

Chronic Neurologic Disorders

Disorders of the Eye and Ear

Endocrine Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Skin Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

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