Question 1

Describe the control in Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment,illustrated below,in which they manipulated the facial pattern and fighting behavior of wasps.

Accepted Answer

Control individuals were unaltered wasps with natural markings.

Question 2

Calculate the coefficient of relatedness for the following relationships in a haplodiploid hymenopteran species:
A)Sister to full sisters
B)Sister to brother
C)Brother to sister

Accepted Answer

A)Sister to full sister: 0.5 x 0.5 (probability of sharing same allele from mom)+ 0.5 (probability sharing same allele from dad)= 0.75;B)Sister to brother: 0.5 x 0.5 (probability of sharing same allele from mom)+ 0 (probability sharing same allele from dad)= 0.25;C)Brother to sister: 0.5 (probability of sharing same allele from mom)

Question 3

Compared to most physical resources,how is information unique?

Accepted Answer

A) There is no cost associated with sharing information. 
B) The production and sharing of information does not require energy. 
C) Because information is not a tangible physical entity, it does not affect an individual's fitness. 
D) Information does not become depleted by sharing. 
A) There is no cost associated with sharing information. 
B) The production and sharing of information does not require energy. 
C) Because information is not a tangible physical entity, it does not affect an individual's fitness. 
D) Information does not become depleted by sharing. D

Question 4

Why does conflict arise between different alleles at the same locus even though they are part of a single individual's genome?

Accepted Answer

An allele copy can increase it

Question 5

Konrad Lorenz argued that "for the good of the species," animal fights are rarely lethal.Which of the following is the most compelling counter-argument to this assertion?

Accepted Answer

A) Animals of the same species rarely possess the physical means to kill each other. 
B) Populations tend to produce more offspring than the carrying capacity of their environment, having individuals die in fights would be beneficial for the species. 
C) Only humans can override the instinctual aversion to killing conspecifics. 
D) An individual showing no restraint during fights would eliminate its competitors and maximize its individual fitness. 
A) Animals of the same species rarely possess the physical means to kill each other. 
B) Populations tend to produce more offspring than the carrying capacity of their environment, having individuals die in fights would be beneficial for the species. 
C) Only humans can override the instinctual aversion to killing conspecifics. 
D) An individual showing no restraint during fights would eliminate its competitors and maximize its individual fitness.

Question 6

An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)is a

Accepted Answer

A) strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy. 
B) strategy that, if adopted by part of a population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy. 
C) mutant strategy that cannot invade a population. 
D) strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, can be invaded by a mutant strategy. 
A) strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy. 
B) strategy that, if adopted by part of a population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy. 
C) mutant strategy that cannot invade a population. 
D) strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, can be invaded by a mutant strategy.

Question 7

Allele X codes for a cooperative behavior among full siblings.Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of 7 fitness units,and the behavior costs the donor 3 fitness units.Use Hamilton's rule to determine whether allele X will spread in the population.

Accepted Answer

Hamilton's rule is rb - c > 0;

Question 8

The results of Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment on facial patterns and the fighting behavior of the wasps are shown below.Why did Tibbetts and Izzo manipulate the wasps' aggressiveness,in addition to facial pattern?

Accepted Answer

A) To test whether hormones could artificially alter the fighting qualities of wasps 
B) To test whether alteration of facial patterns strengthens the fighting ability of wasps 
C) To test whether the alteration of facial patterns would result in increased aggression 
D) To test whether the facial pattern is a conventional signal that is kept honest by continuous testing from conspecifics 
A) To test whether hormones could artificially alter the fighting qualities of wasps 
B) To test whether alteration of facial patterns strengthens the fighting ability of wasps 
C) To test whether the alteration of facial patterns would result in increased aggression 
D) To test whether the facial pattern is a conventional signal that is kept honest by continuous testing from conspecifics

Question 9

Based on the figures below,calculate the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in each case.Show your calculations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on the figures below,calculate the coefficient...

Question 10

In an analysis of independent contrast,researchers found that fetuses in polyandrous species of primates had faster growth rates than those in monogamous species.What did the researchers conclude from these results?

Accepted Answer

A) Fetuses develop faster to "make room" for offspring from a different male. 
B) Extracting more resources from the mother maximizes offsprings' inclusive fitness in polyandrous species. 
C) Fast fetal growth rates are always optimal. 
D) Fetal growth rates represent phylogenetic constraints and are unrelated to mating systems. 
A) Fetuses develop faster to "make room" for offspring from a different male. 
B) Extracting more resources from the mother maximizes offsprings' inclusive fitness in polyandrous species. 
C) Fast fetal growth rates are always optimal. 
D) Fetal growth rates represent phylogenetic constraints and are unrelated to mating systems.

Question 11

Based on the model for conventional signals below,which signal level should an individual of medium ability adopt?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 12

Is haplodiploidy a necessary condition for the evolution of eusociality?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes, true eusociality is found only in the hymenoptera. 
B) Yes, eusociality can only evolve when indirect fitness is as high as occurs between haplodiploid sisters. 
C) No, true eusociality is also found in organisms that do not have a haplodiploid genetic system. 
D) No, coefficients of relatedness between sisters are never 0.75 because there are always multiple fathers. 
A) Yes, true eusociality is found only in the hymenoptera. 
B) Yes, eusociality can only evolve when indirect fitness is as high as occurs between haplodiploid sisters. 
C) No, true eusociality is also found in organisms that do not have a haplodiploid genetic system. 
D) No, coefficients of relatedness between sisters are never 0.75 because there are always multiple fathers.

Question 13

Why was Charles Darwin initially puzzled by the observation that worker honey bees die when they sting an intruder to their hive? (The bee's stinger is ripped from the bee's abdomen,causing a fatal injury.)

Accepted Answer

A) All defensive behaviors result in the guaranteed destruction of the defender. 
B) Such self-sacrifice is widespread in many different groups of animals. 
C) He found it hard to imagine how such behavior could evolve, since a defending worker's chance of survival is zero. 
D) The stinging apparatus appeared to be too complex to have evolved. 
A) All defensive behaviors result in the guaranteed destruction of the defender. 
B) Such self-sacrifice is widespread in many different groups of animals. 
C) He found it hard to imagine how such behavior could evolve, since a defending worker's chance of survival is zero. 
D) The stinging apparatus appeared to be too complex to have evolved.

Question 14

Between which amounts of parental investment can you find the "zone of conflict" between parent and focal offspring? Delineate the "zone of conflict" in the figure below,and briefly explain how you chose the lower and upper bound.

Accepted Answer

For location of lines,see complete Figur

Question 15

Consider the modified pay-off structure for the hawk-dove game below.What strategy should the players adopt? (v = benefit of the resource that is being fought over.)

Accepted Answer

A) Both players should either always play dove or always play hawk. 
B) Both players should always play hawk. 
C) One player should always play hawk; the other should always play dove. 
D) Each player should play hawk a fraction of the time. 
A) Both players should either always play dove or always play hawk. 
B) Both players should always play hawk. 
C) One player should always play hawk; the other should always play dove. 
D) Each player should play hawk a fraction of the time.

Question 16

You want to study whether reciprocity explains the evolution of mobbing behavior in birds.You have two sources of birds to choose from: (A)a group of birds from your lab that all originated from the same mating pair,and (B)a group of presumably unrelated birds from the wild.Which choice would you prefer? Briefly justify your answer.

Accepted Answer

Group B.Since you are testing

Question 17

What is the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in the following pedigree?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.5 
B) 0.25 
C) 0.125 
D) 0.0625 
A) 0.5 
B) 0.25 
C) 0.125 
D) 0.0625

Question 18

Which of the following equations illustrates the correct relationship?

Accepted Answer

A) Indirect fitness + Direct fitness = Inclusive fitness 
B) Inclusive fitness + Direct fitness = Indirect fitness 
C) Indirect fitness + Inclusive fitness = Direct fitness 
D) Direct fitness - Inclusive fitness = Direct fitness 
A) Indirect fitness + Direct fitness = Inclusive fitness 
B) Inclusive fitness + Direct fitness = Indirect fitness 
C) Indirect fitness + Inclusive fitness = Direct fitness 
D) Direct fitness - Inclusive fitness = Direct fitness

Question 19

Among which of the following groups of organisms is cooperation via reciprocal altruism most likely to evolve (assuming all else is equal)?

Accepted Answer

A) Birds from across a species' range that congregate for a short time at a resting spot during migration 
B) Short-lived, immobile tidal organisms that are in constant contact with one another and have a high mortality via predation 
C) Female tigers that each inhabit their own large home range 
D) Primates in a social group that frequently interact with the same individuals 
A) Birds from across a species' range that congregate for a short time at a resting spot during migration 
B) Short-lived, immobile tidal organisms that are in constant contact with one another and have a high mortality via predation 
C) Female tigers that each inhabit their own large home range 
D) Primates in a social group that frequently interact with the same individuals

Question 20

Which of the following represents a Nash equilibrium in the hawk-dove game? Assume that the cost of a fight is greater than the benefit of the resource that is being fought over.

Accepted Answer

A) Both players always play dove. 
B) Both players always play hawk. 
C) Player 1 always plays hawk, player 2 always plays dove; both players know each other's role (player 1 or player 2) before the encounter. 
D) Player 1 always plays hawk, while player 2 plays hawk some of the time and dove some of the time. 
A) Both players always play dove. 
B) Both players always play hawk. 
C) Player 1 always plays hawk, player 2 always plays dove; both players know each other's role (player 1 or player 2) before the encounter. 
D) Player 1 always plays hawk, while player 2 plays hawk some of the time and dove some of the time.

Describe the control in Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment,illustrated below,in which they manipulated the facial pattern and fighting behavior of wasps.

Calculate the coefficient of relatedness for the following relationships in a haplodiploid hymenopteran species: A)Sister to full sisters B)Sister to brother C)Brother to sister

Compared to most physical resources,how is information unique?

Why does conflict arise between different alleles at the same locus even though they are part of a single individual's genome?

Konrad Lorenz argued that "for the good of the species," animal fights are rarely lethal.Which of the following is the most compelling counter-argument to this assertion?

An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)is a

Allele X codes for a cooperative behavior among full siblings.Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of 7 fitness units,and the behavior costs the donor 3 fitness units.Use Hamilton's rule to determine whether allele X will spread in the population.

The results of Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment on facial patterns and the fighting behavior of the wasps are shown below.Why did Tibbetts and Izzo manipulate the wasps' aggressiveness,in addition to facial pattern?

Based on the figures below,calculate the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in each case.Show your calculations.

In an analysis of independent contrast,researchers found that fetuses in polyandrous species of primates had faster growth rates than those in monogamous species.What did the researchers conclude from these results?

Based on the model for conventional signals below,which signal level should an individual of medium ability adopt?

Is haplodiploidy a necessary condition for the evolution of eusociality?

Why was Charles Darwin initially puzzled by the observation that worker honey bees die when they sting an intruder to their hive? (The bee's stinger is ripped from the bee's abdomen,causing a fatal injury.)

Between which amounts of parental investment can you find the "zone of conflict" between parent and focal offspring? Delineate the "zone of conflict" in the figure below,and briefly explain how you chose the lower and upper bound.

Consider the modified pay-off structure for the hawk-dove game below.What strategy should the players adopt? (v = benefit of the resource that is being fought over.)

What is the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in the following pedigree?

Which of the following equations illustrates the correct relationship?

Among which of the following groups of organisms is cooperation via reciprocal altruism most likely to evolve (assuming all else is equal)?

Which of the following represents a Nash equilibrium in the hawk-dove game? Assume that the cost of a fight is greater than the benefit of the resource that is being fought over.

An Overview of Evolutionary Biology

Early Evolutionary Ideas and Darwins Insight

Natural Selection

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

Inferring Phylogeny

Transmission Genetics and the Sources of Genetic Variation

The Genetics of Populations

Evolution in Finite Populations

Evolution at Multiple Loci

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Evolution of Early Life

Major Transitions

Evolution and Development

Species and Speciation

Extinction and Evolutionary Trends

The Evolution of Sex

Sexual Selection

Coevolution

Evolution and Medicine

Filters

Exam 18: The Evolution of Sociality

Describe the control in Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment,illustrated below,in which they manipulated the facial pattern and fighting behavior of wasps.

Calculate the coefficient of relatedness for the following relationships in a haplodiploid hymenopteran species: A)Sister to full sisters B)Sister to brother C)Brother to sister

Compared to most physical resources,how is information unique?

Why does conflict arise between different alleles at the same locus even though they are part of a single individual's genome?

Konrad Lorenz argued that "for the good of the species," animal fights are rarely lethal.Which of the following is the most compelling counter-argument to this assertion?

An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)is a

Allele X codes for a cooperative behavior among full siblings.Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of 7 fitness units,and the behavior costs the donor 3 fitness units.Use Hamilton's rule to determine whether allele X will spread in the population.

The results of Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment on facial patterns and the fighting behavior of the wasps are shown below.Why did Tibbetts and Izzo manipulate the wasps' aggressiveness,in addition to facial pattern?

Based on the figures below,calculate the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in each case.Show your calculations.

In an analysis of independent contrast,researchers found that fetuses in polyandrous species of primates had faster growth rates than those in monogamous species.What did the researchers conclude from these results?

Based on the model for conventional signals below,which signal level should an individual of medium ability adopt?

Is haplodiploidy a necessary condition for the evolution of eusociality?

Why was Charles Darwin initially puzzled by the observation that worker honey bees die when they sting an intruder to their hive? (The bee's stinger is ripped from the bee's abdomen,causing a fatal injury.)

Between which amounts of parental investment can you find the "zone of conflict" between parent and focal offspring? Delineate the "zone of conflict" in the figure below,and briefly explain how you chose the lower and upper bound.

Consider the modified pay-off structure for the hawk-dove game below.What strategy should the players adopt? (v = benefit of the resource that is being fought over.)

What is the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in the following pedigree?

Which of the following equations illustrates the correct relationship?

Among which of the following groups of organisms is cooperation via reciprocal altruism most likely to evolve (assuming all else is equal)?

Which of the following represents a Nash equilibrium in the hawk-dove game? Assume that the cost of a fight is greater than the benefit of the resource that is being fought over.

An Overview of Evolutionary Biology

Early Evolutionary Ideas and Darwins Insight

Natural Selection

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

Inferring Phylogeny

Transmission Genetics and the Sources of Genetic Variation

The Genetics of Populations

Evolution in Finite Populations

Evolution at Multiple Loci

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Evolution of Early Life

Major Transitions

Evolution and Development

Species and Speciation

Extinction and Evolutionary Trends

The Evolution of Sex

Sexual Selection

Coevolution

Evolution and Medicine

Filters