Exam 19: Coevolution

Why do we distinguish between inter- and intraspecific mutualism?

Define "cultural transmission" in one sentence.

Geographically isolated subpopulations of a species can evolve partial reproductive isolation.If two subpopulations come into secondary contact,they can either become one mixed population,or,during a process called reinforcement,selection may lead to greater reproductive isolation.The latter will occur if mating between subpopulations results in hybrid offspring that have lower fitness.Could cultural evolution play a role in reinforcement?

Suppose that Epicephala moths are part of a larger group of moths whose members are all seed feeders,but none of the other seed-feeding genera are involved in the pollination of their host plant.What would you conclude to be the most parsimonious pathway for the evolution of the mutualistic relationship between Epicephala and Glochidion plants?

Which of the following is a relationship between organisms that cannot evolve into a mutualistic relationship?

Clayton and colleagues discovered the relationship between feather-louse size and the body mass of their corresponding bird hosts illustrated in the figure below.What do the authors hypothesize about the mechanism of cospeciation in doves and lice from this relationship?

When researchers examined the effects of withholding nitrogen from Bradyrhizobium japonicum,they used a "split root" treatment in which half of a soybean plant's root mass received gaseous nitrogen,whereas the other half did not.Why did the researchers use this split root treatment?

Which of the following differs between intra- and interspecific interactions when it comes to the evolution and maintenance of cooperation?

How did Lutzoni and Pagel conclude that the entire genome of mutualistic fungi evolved faster than the genome of free-living fungi?

What ecological role were the nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria in soybean root nodules effectively playing when the experimenters cut off gaseous nitrogen?

Describe the mosaic theory of coevolution in your own words.Limit your answer to one sentence.

Is any form of adaptation coevolution?

Provide one likely cost and one likely benefit for each of the mutualistic partners in the Iridomyrmex ant and imperial blue butterfly caterpillar relationship. A.Benefit for ants: B.Cost for ants: C.Benefit for caterpillars: D.Cost for caterpillar:

Some species of tropical fireflies mimic the luminescent mating signals of females of a related species and will prey upon the males that have been attracted by the fake signal.How would you classify this behavior? Is it Batesian mimicry,Müllerian mimicry,a third form of mimicry,or no mimicry at all? Briefly justify your answer.

Why do woodland star flowers likely abort flower heads with Greya moth eggs in geographic locations where other nonflower-feeding pollinators are present?

The apple host race (or biotype)of the Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies evolved after apples were colonized by individuals of R.pomonella's hawthorn race (hawthorn is the original host of R.pomonella).If the two R.pomonella races become two different species over time,would this represent an example for cospeciation? Briefly justify your answer.

Is there an alternative (genetic)explanation to cultural evolution for the correlation in songs of Darwin finches and their sons and grandsons? (The units on the x- and y-axes summarize multiple components of the finches' songs.)

Define "obligate mutualism" in one sentence.

Why does cultural transmission have the potential to be faster than genetic transmission? Limit your answer to one sentence.

Briefly define the three modes of cultural transmission: vertical cultural transmission,horizontal cultural transmission,and oblique cultural transmission.