Question 1

Which of the following statements about introspection is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) A verbal report based on introspection may provide a distorted picture of mental processes that are nonverbal in nature. 
B) Different participants might be using different terms to describe similar experiences. 
C) Introspection provides valuable scientific data,but only after the person doing the introspection has received many hours of training. 
D) Participants cannot possibly introspect about events that are unconscious. 
A) A verbal report based on introspection may provide a distorted picture of mental processes that are nonverbal in nature. 
B) Different participants might be using different terms to describe similar experiences. 
C) Introspection provides valuable scientific data,but only after the person doing the introspection has received many hours of training. 
D) Participants cannot possibly introspect about events that are unconscious. C

Question 2

Cognitive psychologists utilize different methods to understand cognitive processes.Describe three different methods to investigate memory functioning.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychologists use various methods to investigate memory functioning. Three different methods include:

1. Experimental studies: Cognitive psychologists conduct controlled experiments to investigate memory functioning. They manipulate independent variables, such as the type of information to be remembered or the encoding strategies used, and measure the effects on memory performance. For example, researchers may use a laboratory-based task to examine the impact of different study techniques on memory retention.

2. Neuroimaging techniques: Cognitive psychologists utilize neuroimaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), to investigate the neural correlates of memory processes. These techniques allow researchers to observe brain activity associated with memory encoding, storage, and retrieval, providing insights into the underlying neural mechanisms of memory functioning.

3. Observational studies: Cognitive psychologists also conduct observational studies to investigate memory functioning in naturalistic settings. They may observe individuals' memory performance in everyday situations, such as remembering a list of items while grocery shopping or recalling details from a recent event. These studies provide valuable information about how memory operates in real-world contexts and can help identify factors that influence memory performance outside of the laboratory.

By employing these different methods, cognitive psychologists can gain a comprehensive understanding of memory functioning and contribute to the development of effective memory enhancement strategies.

Question 3

One important difference between classical behaviorism and cognitive psychology is that cognitive psychology

Accepted Answer

A) argues that unobservable mental states can be scientifically studied. 
B) rejects the use of human participants. 
C) insists on studying topics that can be directly and objectively observed. 
D) emphasizes the evolutionary roots of human behavior. 
A) argues that unobservable mental states can be scientifically studied. 
B) rejects the use of human participants. 
C) insists on studying topics that can be directly and objectively observed. 
D) emphasizes the evolutionary roots of human behavior. A

Question 4

The development of computers facilitated research in cognition by

Accepted Answer

A) suggesting hypotheses that framed the steps of cognition as stages of information processing. 
B) more accurately capturing reaction time. 
C) integrating elements of subjective experiences. 
D) discrediting behavioral principles. 
A) suggesting hypotheses that framed the steps of cognition as stages of information processing. 
B) more accurately capturing reaction time. 
C) integrating elements of subjective experiences. 
D) discrediting behavioral principles.

Question 5

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of knowledge is

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive psychology. 
B) humanistic psychology. 
C) neuropsychology. 
D) behaviorism. 
A) cognitive psychology. 
B) humanistic psychology. 
C) neuropsychology. 
D) behaviorism.

Question 6

The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as

Accepted Answer

A) mentalistic inference. 
B) the transcendental method. 
C) cause and effect. 
D) introspection. 
A) mentalistic inference. 
B) the transcendental method. 
C) cause and effect. 
D) introspection.

Question 7

Noam Chomsky criticized ________ and noted that it failed to explain ________.

Accepted Answer

A) Gestalt psychology;visual perception 
B) introspection;individual differences 
C) behaviorism;language development 
D) direct observations;abstract thinking 
A) Gestalt psychology;visual perception 
B) introspection;individual differences 
C) behaviorism;language development 
D) direct observations;abstract thinking

Question 8

A(n)________ is general knowledge about what is typically involved in a type of situation or event.

Accepted Answer

A) schema 
B) response set 
C) cognitive map 
D) instinct 
A) schema 
B) response set 
C) cognitive map 
D) instinct

Question 9

________ techniques allow us to scrutinize the precise structure and moment-by-moment pattern of activation in the brain.

Accepted Answer

A) Introspection 
B) Neuropsychological 
C) Neuroimaging 
D) Observational 
A) Introspection 
B) Neuropsychological 
C) Neuroimaging 
D) Observational

Question 10

Despite the fact that we cannot directly observe mental activity,cognitive psychologists are able to scientifically study these processes.Explain why this is possible by describing Kantian logic.Next,provide at least three measurable variables and explain why they could be reliably used as proxies for mental behavior.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychologists are able to scie

Question 11

Which technique was commonly used in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory?

Accepted Answer

A) introspection 
B) physiological analysis 
C) operant conditioning 
D) classical conditioning 
A) introspection 
B) physiological analysis 
C) operant conditioning 
D) classical conditioning

Question 12

Patients suffering from clinical amnesia are characterized by

Accepted Answer

A) memory dysfunction. 
B) an inability to recognize patterns. 
C) inarticulate speech. 
D) impaired language comprehension. 
A) memory dysfunction. 
B) an inability to recognize patterns. 
C) inarticulate speech. 
D) impaired language comprehension.

Question 13

Consider the sequence "Betsy wanted to bring Jacob a present.She shook her piggy bank." Most people,after hearing this sequence,believe Betsy was checking her piggy bank to see if she had money to spend on the gift.This inference about Betsy's goals depends on the fact that

Accepted Answer

A) our previous knowledge fills in background information whenever we're understanding an event or conversation. 
B) readers are likely to know someone named Jacob. 
C) English,unlike other languages,requires speakers to mention all of the people involved in an event. 
D) the individual sentences are short. 
A) our previous knowledge fills in background information whenever we're understanding an event or conversation. 
B) readers are likely to know someone named Jacob. 
C) English,unlike other languages,requires speakers to mention all of the people involved in an event. 
D) the individual sentences are short.

Question 14

The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences.
A commonplace example of such an inference is a

Accepted Answer

A) physicist inferring what the attributes of the electron must be on the basis of visible effects that the electron causes. 
B) computer scientist inferring what the attributes of a program must be on the basis of his or her long-range goals for the program's functioning. 
C) biologist inferring how an organism is likely to behave in the future on the basis of assessment of past behaviors. 
D) behaviorist inferring how a behavior was learned on the basis of a deduction from well-established principles of learning. 
A) physicist inferring what the attributes of the electron must be on the basis of visible effects that the electron causes. 
B) computer scientist inferring what the attributes of a program must be on the basis of his or her long-range goals for the program's functioning. 
C) biologist inferring how an organism is likely to behave in the future on the basis of assessment of past behaviors. 
D) behaviorist inferring how a behavior was learned on the basis of a deduction from well-established principles of learning.

Question 15

A participant is asked to look within himself or herself and report on his or her own mental processes.This method is called

Accepted Answer

A) logical inference. 
B) reconstruction. 
C) introspection. 
D) mentalistic study. 
A) logical inference. 
B) reconstruction. 
C) introspection. 
D) mentalistic study.

Question 16

Cognitive psychologists try to make inferences about causes,based on the observed effects.In this way,cognitive psychologists use methods like those commonly employed by

Accepted Answer

A) crime scene investigators. 
B) garbage collectors. 
C) chefs. 
D) construction workers. 
A) crime scene investigators. 
B) garbage collectors. 
C) chefs. 
D) construction workers.

Question 17

Schemas reflect a(n)________ that ________ comprehension of a specific experience.

Accepted Answer

A) objective appraisal;inhibits 
B) mental framework;facilitates 
C) pattern of thought;inhibits 
D) habit;facilitates 
A) objective appraisal;inhibits 
B) mental framework;facilitates 
C) pattern of thought;inhibits 
D) habit;facilitates

Question 18

Of the following,introspection is LEAST useful for studying

Accepted Answer

A) topics that are strongly colored by emotion. 
B) mental events that are unconscious. 
C) processes that involve conceptual knowledge. 
D) events that take a long time to unfold. 
A) topics that are strongly colored by emotion. 
B) mental events that are unconscious. 
C) processes that involve conceptual knowledge. 
D) events that take a long time to unfold.

Question 19

Describe the case of H.M.What does his story tell us about the role that memory plays in our sense of self?

Accepted Answer

H.M., whose real name was Henry Molaison

Question 20

Contemporary cognitive psychologists are MOST interested in examining the relationship between ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

A) stress hormones;behavior 
B) memory capacity;lifetime achievement 
C) introspection;self-awareness 
D) cognitive processes;behavior 
A) stress hormones;behavior 
B) memory capacity;lifetime achievement 
C) introspection;self-awareness 
D) cognitive processes;behavior

Which of the following statements about introspection is FALSE?

Cognitive psychologists utilize different methods to understand cognitive processes.Describe three different methods to investigate memory functioning.

One important difference between classical behaviorism and cognitive psychology is that cognitive psychology

The development of computers facilitated research in cognition by

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of knowledge is

The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as

Noam Chomsky criticized and noted that it failed to explain .

A(n)________ is general knowledge about what is typically involved in a type of situation or event.

________ techniques allow us to scrutinize the precise structure and moment-by-moment pattern of activation in the brain.

Which technique was commonly used in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory?

Patients suffering from clinical amnesia are characterized by

Consider the sequence "Betsy wanted to bring Jacob a present.She shook her piggy bank." Most people,after hearing this sequence,believe Betsy was checking her piggy bank to see if she had money to spend on the gift.This inference about Betsy's goals depends on the fact that

The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A commonplace example of such an inference is a

A participant is asked to look within himself or herself and report on his or her own mental processes.This method is called

Cognitive psychologists try to make inferences about causes,based on the observed effects.In this way,cognitive psychologists use methods like those commonly employed by

Schemas reflect a(n) that comprehension of a specific experience.

Of the following,introspection is LEAST useful for studying

Describe the case of H.M.What does his story tell us about the role that memory plays in our sense of self?

Contemporary cognitive psychologists are MOST interested in examining the relationship between and .

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 1: The Science of the Mind

Which of the following statements about introspection is FALSE?

Cognitive psychologists utilize different methods to understand cognitive processes.Describe three different methods to investigate memory functioning.

One important difference between classical behaviorism and cognitive psychology is that cognitive psychology

The development of computers facilitated research in cognition by

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of knowledge is

The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as

Noam Chomsky criticized ________ and noted that it failed to explain ________.

A(n)________ is general knowledge about what is typically involved in a type of situation or event.

________ techniques allow us to scrutinize the precise structure and moment-by-moment pattern of activation in the brain.

Which technique was commonly used in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory?

Patients suffering from clinical amnesia are characterized by

Consider the sequence "Betsy wanted to bring Jacob a present.She shook her piggy bank." Most people,after hearing this sequence,believe Betsy was checking her piggy bank to see if she had money to spend on the gift.This inference about Betsy's goals depends on the fact that

The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A commonplace example of such an inference is a

A participant is asked to look within himself or herself and report on his or her own mental processes.This method is called

Cognitive psychologists try to make inferences about causes,based on the observed effects.In this way,cognitive psychologists use methods like those commonly employed by

Schemas reflect a(n)________ that ________ comprehension of a specific experience.

Of the following,introspection is LEAST useful for studying

Describe the case of H.M.What does his story tell us about the role that memory plays in our sense of self?

Contemporary cognitive psychologists are MOST interested in examining the relationship between ________ and ________.

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Noam Chomsky criticized and noted that it failed to explain .

Schemas reflect a(n) that comprehension of a specific experience.

Contemporary cognitive psychologists are MOST interested in examining the relationship between and .