Question 1

An ill-defined problem is one in which

Accepted Answer

A) there is more than one path available that will lead to the goal. 
B) the problem does not have clearly defined subgoals. 
C) neither analogies nor heuristics will lead to a problem solution. 
D) the goal and the operations for reaching that goal are not clearly defined. 
A) there is more than one path available that will lead to the goal. 
B) the problem does not have clearly defined subgoals. 
C) neither analogies nor heuristics will lead to a problem solution. 
D) the goal and the operations for reaching that goal are not clearly defined. D

Question 2

According to the text,current research indicates that creative problem solving

Accepted Answer

A) draws on mental processes that are distinct from the processes relevant to more ordinary problem solving. 
B) can be interrupted by divergent thinking. 
C) seems to draw on heuristics and analogies in the same way that ordinary problem solving does. 
D) requires unconscious work that goes on after one has consciously put the problem to the side. 
A) draws on mental processes that are distinct from the processes relevant to more ordinary problem solving. 
B) can be interrupted by divergent thinking. 
C) seems to draw on heuristics and analogies in the same way that ordinary problem solving does. 
D) requires unconscious work that goes on after one has consciously put the problem to the side. C

Question 3

People have considered various hypotheses for why there is a difference between the average IQ scores for American Whites and African Americans.Which of the following is NOT an explanation that is supported by evidence?

Accepted Answer

A) Genetic factors give White Americans an advantage on the test. 
B) Economic factors lead to higher IQ scores among White Americans than Black Americans. 
C) Stereotype threat causes Black students in America to score lower on intelligence tests. 
D) IQ scores among Black Americans can be improved by reducing stereotype threat. 
A) Genetic factors give White Americans an advantage on the test. 
B) Economic factors lead to higher IQ scores among White Americans than Black Americans. 
C) Stereotype threat causes Black students in America to score lower on intelligence tests. 
D) IQ scores among Black Americans can be improved by reducing stereotype threat. A

Question 4

A group of people is given a new test that supposedly measures creativity.We later find that their scores on this test are,in fact,correlated with their ability to do well on a separate test requiring "out of the box" solutions.This finding suggests that this test of creativity appears to have relatively high

Accepted Answer

A) accuracy. 
B) test-retest reliability. 
C) predictive validity. 
D) reliability and validity. 
A) accuracy. 
B) test-retest reliability. 
C) predictive validity. 
D) reliability and validity.

Question 5

________ is an ability to think about concepts/ideas in a new way.________ is an ability to see ways in which seemingly different concepts/ideas might be related.

Accepted Answer

A) Divergent thinking;Convergent thinking 
B) Convergent thinking;Divergent thinking 
C) Creativity;Convergent thinking 
D) Illumination;Mapping 
A) Divergent thinking;Convergent thinking 
B) Convergent thinking;Divergent thinking 
C) Creativity;Convergent thinking 
D) Illumination;Mapping

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?

Accepted Answer

A) Participants are given two analogous problems,rather than just one,before the test problem. 
B) Participants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve. 
C) Participants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another. 
D) Participants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on. 
A) Participants are given two analogous problems,rather than just one,before the test problem. 
B) Participants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve. 
C) Participants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another. 
D) Participants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on.

Question 7

Dell,a problem-solving amateur,is trying to solve the "hobbits and orcs" problem,and so she must determine how to move the creatures across a river.Dell is most likely to be helped if she has had earlier experience with

Accepted Answer

A) a problem with a similar structure and which also involved hobbits and orcs. 
B) a problem with the same structure,but which involved protecting wives from their jealous husbands. 
C) other problems involving transportation across obstacles. 
D) problems illustrating the techniques for dealing with river currents. 
A) a problem with a similar structure and which also involved hobbits and orcs. 
B) a problem with the same structure,but which involved protecting wives from their jealous husbands. 
C) other problems involving transportation across obstacles. 
D) problems illustrating the techniques for dealing with river currents.

Question 8

Participants approach a problem with certain assumptions about how the problem should be handled and the sorts of strategies that are likely to be productive.These assumptions are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) heuristics. 
B) well-definedness. 
C) a problem frame. 
D) a problem-solving set. 
A) heuristics. 
B) well-definedness. 
C) a problem frame. 
D) a problem-solving set.

Question 9

In general,a training procedure will promote subsequent analogy use if the procedure

Accepted Answer

A) helps participants to remember the exact formulation of the training problems. 
B) focuses on the specific wording used to describe the problem. 
C) encourages participants to pay attention to the training problem's deep structure. 
D) teaches the participants general principles about how analogies function. 
A) helps participants to remember the exact formulation of the training problems. 
B) focuses on the specific wording used to describe the problem. 
C) encourages participants to pay attention to the training problem's deep structure. 
D) teaches the participants general principles about how analogies function.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about creative people is most correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Creative people seem to be immune to problem-solving obstacles like functional fixedness. 
B) Creative people have a cognitive architecture that is unlike the architecture for less creative people. 
C) Creative people typically rely on the same strategies and processes as less creative people. 
D) Creativity is typically associated with superior visual imagery. 
A) Creative people seem to be immune to problem-solving obstacles like functional fixedness. 
B) Creative people have a cognitive architecture that is unlike the architecture for less creative people. 
C) Creative people typically rely on the same strategies and processes as less creative people. 
D) Creativity is typically associated with superior visual imagery.

Question 11

Consider the examples of autistic savants that were described at the beginning of the chapter.Given what you know now,how would you characterize their intellectual abilities? Make sure you use the appropriate terminology in your answer.

Accepted Answer

The examples of autistic savants describ

Question 12

Experts have an advantage in problem solving and remembering certain information (like the position of chess pieces)for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they

Accepted Answer

A) think of units that can be used to set subgoals. 
B) create higher-order units that have a purpose. 
C) avoid getting bogged down in the details by organizing the information. 
D) are more likely to try to use heuristics to problem-solve than novices. 
A) think of units that can be used to set subgoals. 
B) create higher-order units that have a purpose. 
C) avoid getting bogged down in the details by organizing the information. 
D) are more likely to try to use heuristics to problem-solve than novices.

Question 13

Participants' use of hill climbing is evident in that

Accepted Answer

A) participants solve problems more quickly if they can divide the problem into smaller subproblems. 
B) problem solving often gets stalled if a problem requires participants to move briefly away from the goal state in order (ultimately)to reach the goal. 
C) participants are disrupted in their problem solving if they are asked to think out loud as they proceed. 
D) participants are often confused unless the problem's path constraints are clearly specified. 
A) participants solve problems more quickly if they can divide the problem into smaller subproblems. 
B) problem solving often gets stalled if a problem requires participants to move briefly away from the goal state in order (ultimately)to reach the goal. 
C) participants are disrupted in their problem solving if they are asked to think out loud as they proceed. 
D) participants are often confused unless the problem's path constraints are clearly specified.

Question 14

In many studies,participants fail to use analogies as an aid to problem solving.Of the following,which is the most plausible explanation of this fact?

Accepted Answer

A) Participants do not understand the value of analogies,so they do not bother searching for them. 
B) Participants search their memories based on the surface structure of the problem and thus fail to think of many useful analogies. 
C) Participants pay too much attention to the deep structure of a problem,and so they fail to see the features that lead to analogy. 
D) Participants seem unable to use analogies even when explicitly instructed to do so. 
A) Participants do not understand the value of analogies,so they do not bother searching for them. 
B) Participants search their memories based on the surface structure of the problem and thus fail to think of many useful analogies. 
C) Participants pay too much attention to the deep structure of a problem,and so they fail to see the features that lead to analogy. 
D) Participants seem unable to use analogies even when explicitly instructed to do so.

Question 15

Eric is trying to solve a problem but has to interrupt his work on the problem in order to attend a meeting.After the meeting,he returns to the problem and immediately solves it.Which of the following is the LEAST likely explanation of Eric's revelation?

Accepted Answer

A) Eric had approached the problem without a problem-solving set,and the time he spent in the meeting provided an incubation period during which he developed a set. 
B) The meeting distracted Eric from the problem,causing him to forget his previous strategies,and therefore allowed him to find a fresh approach to the problem. 
C) Eric had grown frustrated with the problem,and the frustration was making it hard for him to think productively.The meeting allowed his frustration to fade,so that he was more effective in his efforts after the meeting. 
D) The interruption had no effect on Eric's problem solving;he simply needed a bit more time to figure out the problem,and his return to the problem after the meeting provided that extra time. 
A) Eric had approached the problem without a problem-solving set,and the time he spent in the meeting provided an incubation period during which he developed a set. 
B) The meeting distracted Eric from the problem,causing him to forget his previous strategies,and therefore allowed him to find a fresh approach to the problem. 
C) Eric had grown frustrated with the problem,and the frustration was making it hard for him to think productively.The meeting allowed his frustration to fade,so that he was more effective in his efforts after the meeting. 
D) The interruption had no effect on Eric's problem solving;he simply needed a bit more time to figure out the problem,and his return to the problem after the meeting provided that extra time.

Question 16

Jim and John are monozygotic twins who grew up in the same household.Lauren and Lucas are dizygotic twins who also grew up in the same household.Sally and Sarah are monozygotic twins who grew up in different households.Describe how these three sets of twins will differ genetically and how they will likely differ in terms of intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Monozygotic twins, such as Jim and John

Question 17

What is the difference between the fluid and crystallized types of intelligence? How does each change across the lifetime? What factors influence each type of intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence and crystallized inte

Question 18

Studies of analogy use indicate that participants

Accepted Answer

A) use analogies spontaneously in a wide range of problems. 
B) use analogies only if they are experts in the domain of the problem. 
C) are more likely to use analogies if there is a superficial resemblance between the problem being solved and the problem serving as the base for the analogy. 
D) are more likely to use analogies in solving spatial problems than they are in solving verbal problems. 
A) use analogies spontaneously in a wide range of problems. 
B) use analogies only if they are experts in the domain of the problem. 
C) are more likely to use analogies if there is a superficial resemblance between the problem being solved and the problem serving as the base for the analogy. 
D) are more likely to use analogies in solving spatial problems than they are in solving verbal problems.

Question 19

Some theorists propose that problem solving (especially creative solving)proceeds through four stages.What are the four stages? What evidence supports or challenges claims about these four stages?

Accepted Answer

The four stages proposed by some theoris

Question 20

As Vanessa worked on the problem,she narrated her progress out loud,saying things like "No,that option doesn't seem to work.No,that doesn't work either." Then Vanessa abruptly shouted,"I think I've got it!" These reports seem to capture the phenomenon called

Accepted Answer

A) illumination. 
B) incubation. 
C) preparation. 
D) representation. 
A) illumination. 
B) incubation. 
C) preparation. 
D) representation.

An ill-defined problem is one in which

According to the text,current research indicates that creative problem solving

People have considered various hypotheses for why there is a difference between the average IQ scores for American Whites and African Americans.Which of the following is NOT an explanation that is supported by evidence?

is an ability to think about concepts/ideas in a new way. is an ability to see ways in which seemingly different concepts/ideas might be related.

Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?

Dell,a problem-solving amateur,is trying to solve the "hobbits and orcs" problem,and so she must determine how to move the creatures across a river.Dell is most likely to be helped if she has had earlier experience with

Participants approach a problem with certain assumptions about how the problem should be handled and the sorts of strategies that are likely to be productive.These assumptions are referred to as

In general,a training procedure will promote subsequent analogy use if the procedure

Which of the following statements about creative people is most correct?

Consider the examples of autistic savants that were described at the beginning of the chapter.Given what you know now,how would you characterize their intellectual abilities? Make sure you use the appropriate terminology in your answer.

Experts have an advantage in problem solving and remembering certain information (like the position of chess pieces)for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they

Participants' use of hill climbing is evident in that

In many studies,participants fail to use analogies as an aid to problem solving.Of the following,which is the most plausible explanation of this fact?

Eric is trying to solve a problem but has to interrupt his work on the problem in order to attend a meeting.After the meeting,he returns to the problem and immediately solves it.Which of the following is the LEAST likely explanation of Eric's revelation?

What is the difference between the fluid and crystallized types of intelligence? How does each change across the lifetime? What factors influence each type of intelligence?

Studies of analogy use indicate that participants

Some theorists propose that problem solving (especially creative solving)proceeds through four stages.What are the four stages? What evidence supports or challenges claims about these four stages?

As Vanessa worked on the problem,she narrated her progress out loud,saying things like "No,that option doesn't seem to work.No,that doesn't work either." Then Vanessa abruptly shouted,"I think I've got it!" These reports seem to capture the phenomenon called

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 13: Problem Solving and Intelligence

An ill-defined problem is one in which

According to the text,current research indicates that creative problem solving

People have considered various hypotheses for why there is a difference between the average IQ scores for American Whites and African Americans.Which of the following is NOT an explanation that is supported by evidence?

________ is an ability to think about concepts/ideas in a new way.________ is an ability to see ways in which seemingly different concepts/ideas might be related.

Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?

Dell,a problem-solving amateur,is trying to solve the "hobbits and orcs" problem,and so she must determine how to move the creatures across a river.Dell is most likely to be helped if she has had earlier experience with

Participants approach a problem with certain assumptions about how the problem should be handled and the sorts of strategies that are likely to be productive.These assumptions are referred to as

In general,a training procedure will promote subsequent analogy use if the procedure

Which of the following statements about creative people is most correct?

Consider the examples of autistic savants that were described at the beginning of the chapter.Given what you know now,how would you characterize their intellectual abilities? Make sure you use the appropriate terminology in your answer.

Experts have an advantage in problem solving and remembering certain information (like the position of chess pieces)for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they

Participants' use of hill climbing is evident in that

In many studies,participants fail to use analogies as an aid to problem solving.Of the following,which is the most plausible explanation of this fact?

Eric is trying to solve a problem but has to interrupt his work on the problem in order to attend a meeting.After the meeting,he returns to the problem and immediately solves it.Which of the following is the LEAST likely explanation of Eric's revelation?

What is the difference between the fluid and crystallized types of intelligence? How does each change across the lifetime? What factors influence each type of intelligence?

Studies of analogy use indicate that participants

Some theorists propose that problem solving (especially creative solving)proceeds through four stages.What are the four stages? What evidence supports or challenges claims about these four stages?

As Vanessa worked on the problem,she narrated her progress out loud,saying things like "No,that option doesn't seem to work.No,that doesn't work either." Then Vanessa abruptly shouted,"I think I've got it!" These reports seem to capture the phenomenon called

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

is an ability to think about concepts/ideas in a new way. is an ability to see ways in which seemingly different concepts/ideas might be related.