Question 1

When listening to two streams of conversation,the task of shadowing involves

Accepted Answer

A) immediately repeating,word for word,the contents of one of the messages. 
B) drawing the mirror image of a simple sketch. 
C) copying the movements of a target individual. 
D) repeating back,from memory,a message heard minutes earlier. 
A) immediately repeating,word for word,the contents of one of the messages. 
B) drawing the mirror image of a simple sketch. 
C) copying the movements of a target individual. 
D) repeating back,from memory,a message heard minutes earlier. A

Question 2

Is attention space-based or object-based? Include evidence from patients with unilateral neglect in your answer.

Accepted Answer

The debate over whether attention is space-based or object-based has been a topic of interest in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Attention can be described as the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. The distinction between space-based and object-based attention refers to whether attention is oriented to locations in space or to specific objects, regardless of their location.

Evidence from patients with unilateral neglect, a condition often resulting from damage to the right parietal lobe, has been used to explore this question. Unilateral neglect is characterized by a lack of awareness or attention to objects or events on the side opposite the brain lesion, typically the left side. This condition provides a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms of attention.

Space-based attention would suggest that patients with unilateral neglect ignore all stimuli on the contralateral side of space. Indeed, many patients with unilateral neglect behave as if the left side of space does not exist, failing to eat food from the left side of their plate or to dress the left side of their body, which supports the space-based theory of attention.

However, there is also evidence for object-based attention in these patients. For example, when patients with unilateral neglect are presented with an object that is initially on their neglected side and then rotated to their non-neglected side without changing its orientation, they may still neglect the left side of the object, even though it is now located in their attended space. This suggests that their attention is oriented to the object itself rather than the space it occupies.

Further experiments have shown that neglect can also be object-centered. For instance, when patients are shown two superimposed objects and asked to attend to one, they may neglect parts of the attended object if those parts fall within the neglected space, indicating that their attention can be anchored to objects rather than just spatial locations.

In summary, evidence from patients with unilateral neglect suggests that attention can be both space-based and object-based. The manifestation of neglect can depend on the context and the nature of the task, indicating that attentional processes are flexible and can operate over both spatial and object-centered representations. This dual nature of attention allows for a more adaptive interaction with the environment, as it enables individuals to focus on relevant objects regardless of their spatial location, while also being able to attend to regions of space when necessary.

Question 3

Participants are shown pictures of two alternating scenes that are separated by a brief blank interval.The scenes are identical except for one small detail.In this case,participants find it hard to detect the change.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

Accepted Answer

A) This effect occurs only when participants are unaware that there is a change in the scene. 
B) A similar effect can also be found with movies and in actual live events (where participants fail to detect changes that have been made). 
C) A similar effect can also be found with movies (where participants fail to detect changes that have been made)but not with actual live events. 
D) Changes in the center of a scene often take longer to detect than changes in the periphery of a scene. 
A) This effect occurs only when participants are unaware that there is a change in the scene. 
B) A similar effect can also be found with movies and in actual live events (where participants fail to detect changes that have been made). 
C) A similar effect can also be found with movies (where participants fail to detect changes that have been made)but not with actual live events. 
D) Changes in the center of a scene often take longer to detect than changes in the periphery of a scene. B

Question 4

The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fact that

Accepted Answer

A) similar tasks will not interfere with each other. 
B) if a task has been heavily practiced,it is more likely to cause interference with other tasks. 
C) some brain lesions disrupt all tasks requiring attention. 
D) interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks have few elements in common. 
A) similar tasks will not interfere with each other. 
B) if a task has been heavily practiced,it is more likely to cause interference with other tasks. 
C) some brain lesions disrupt all tasks requiring attention. 
D) interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks have few elements in common.

Question 5

Some researchers have compared visual attention to a searchlight beam sweeping across the visual field.Which of the following claims about this beam is NOT currently supported by evidence?

Accepted Answer

A) Visual acuity is highest for objects appearing "within" the "beam." 
B) Movements of attention can be distinguished from movements of the eye. 
C) The beam of visual attention can be adjusted by the participant,so that it is sometimes wide and sometimes narrow. 
D) Stimuli inside the beam of visual attention are primed,promoting their perception. 
A) Visual acuity is highest for objects appearing "within" the "beam." 
B) Movements of attention can be distinguished from movements of the eye. 
C) The beam of visual attention can be adjusted by the participant,so that it is sometimes wide and sometimes narrow. 
D) Stimuli inside the beam of visual attention are primed,promoting their perception.

Question 6

Priming based on specific expectations about the identity of the upcoming stimulus produces

Accepted Answer

A) no benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect. 
B) a benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect. 
C) a benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but has no effect on processing if the expectations are incorrect. 
D) the same benefit as stimulus-based repetition priming. 
A) no benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect. 
B) a benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but slows processing if the expectations are incorrect. 
C) a benefit for processing if the expectations are correct but has no effect on processing if the expectations are incorrect. 
D) the same benefit as stimulus-based repetition priming.

Question 7

In dichotic listening experiments,some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participant's intention to ignore the message.Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through?

Accepted Answer

A) material that is easily distinguishable from the attended message in its semantic content 
B) mention of the participant's name 
C) mention of a topic of personal importance to the participant 
D) mention of a movie that the participant recently watched 
A) material that is easily distinguishable from the attended message in its semantic content 
B) mention of the participant's name 
C) mention of a topic of personal importance to the participant 
D) mention of a movie that the participant recently watched

Question 8

Different forms of priming can be distinguished in several ways.For example,the effects of ________ priming can be observed almost immediately after the relevant cue is provided;in contrast,the effects of ________ priming require a half-second or so to appear after the relevant cue.

Accepted Answer

A) concept-driven;data-driven 
B) stimulus-based;expectation-based 
C) expectation-based;repetition 
D) semantic;repetition 
A) concept-driven;data-driven 
B) stimulus-based;expectation-based 
C) expectation-based;repetition 
D) semantic;repetition

Question 9

Ada recently joined a running club and completed her first 5-mile run.After the run,she has no recall of what she read in her cognition textbook earlier because she is thinking about how sore her legs are.This is a real-world example of

Accepted Answer

A) inhibited processing of distractors. 
B) object-based attentional failure. 
C) inattentional blindness. 
D) spatial attention failure. 
A) inhibited processing of distractors. 
B) object-based attentional failure. 
C) inattentional blindness. 
D) spatial attention failure.

Question 10

Landry is discussing summer plans with a friend at a busy restaurant.He suddenly notices that someone at a nearby table has mentioned his name,and he shifts his attention to the conversation at that other table.Which of the following is the term often used to describe this experience?

Accepted Answer

A) early selection hypothesis 
B) cocktail party effect 
C) attention as a spotlight 
D) failure of the orienting system 
A) early selection hypothesis 
B) cocktail party effect 
C) attention as a spotlight 
D) failure of the orienting system

Question 11

Stroop interference demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

A) word reading is automatized. 
B) the identification of a stimulus requires few resources. 
C) practice with a color-naming task leads to automaticity. 
D) automatic tasks do not exist. 
A) word reading is automatized. 
B) the identification of a stimulus requires few resources. 
C) practice with a color-naming task leads to automaticity. 
D) automatic tasks do not exist.

Question 12

In which of the following situations would we expect the fastest response time?

Accepted Answer

A) The stimulus being presented to the participant is identical in form to the stimulus used as the warning signal. 
B) The stimulus being presented to the participant is markedly different from the stimulus used as the warning signal. 
C) The stimulus being presented to the participant is the stimulus the participant was expecting. 
D) The stimulus being presented to the participant is identical in form to the warning signal but is different from the stimulus the participant was expecting. 
A) The stimulus being presented to the participant is identical in form to the stimulus used as the warning signal. 
B) The stimulus being presented to the participant is markedly different from the stimulus used as the warning signal. 
C) The stimulus being presented to the participant is the stimulus the participant was expecting. 
D) The stimulus being presented to the participant is identical in form to the warning signal but is different from the stimulus the participant was expecting.

Question 13

Sadiq has a significantly difficult time sustaining attention and completing projects that require sustained effort.These experiences are likely associated with functioning of what system?

Accepted Answer

A) alerting 
B) orienting 
C) executive 
D) dividing 
A) alerting 
B) orienting 
C) executive 
D) dividing

Question 14

In a study of spatial attention,participants are shown a neutral cue,a high-validity prime (correctly predicting the location of the target 80% of the time),or a misleading cue to prime the location of an upcoming target.Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a priming cue. 
B) Response times to a misleading cue are faster than response times to a neutral cue. 
C) There is no difference in response times between a neutral cue and a misleading cue. 
D) Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue. 
A) Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a priming cue. 
B) Response times to a misleading cue are faster than response times to a neutral cue. 
C) There is no difference in response times between a neutral cue and a misleading cue. 
D) Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue.

Question 15

All of the following statements regarding stimulus- and expectation-based priming are true EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus-based priming of one detector has little or no impact on other detectors. 
B) Stimulus- and expectation-based priming seem to be associated with virtually identical brain mechanisms. 
C) Expectation-based priming of one detector seems to decrease the activation level of other detectors. 
D) Stimulus-based priming is in place almost immediately after the priming stimulus arrives;expectation-based priming is in place only after a brief delay. 
A) Stimulus-based priming of one detector has little or no impact on other detectors. 
B) Stimulus- and expectation-based priming seem to be associated with virtually identical brain mechanisms. 
C) Expectation-based priming of one detector seems to decrease the activation level of other detectors. 
D) Stimulus-based priming is in place almost immediately after the priming stimulus arrives;expectation-based priming is in place only after a brief delay.

Question 16

Participants are instructed to fixate on a point on a computer screen but to attend to,and report on,a "+" sign that appears off to one side for 180 ms.After several trials,the fixation point is unexpectedly replaced by a new shape,but the participants do not notice this change.This is a study of

Accepted Answer

A) inattentional blindness. 
B) neglect syndrome. 
C) attentional apathy. 
D) shadowing. 
A) inattentional blindness. 
B) neglect syndrome. 
C) attentional apathy. 
D) shadowing.

Question 17

Participants are shown a pair of similar pictures separated by a blank interval.The pictures are identical except for a single aspect (e.g. ,a man is wearing a hat in one scene but not in the other).In these kinds of tasks,participants often find it hard to detect the change.This phenomenon is known as

Accepted Answer

A) scene identification. 
B) change perception. 
C) change blindness. 
D) change unawareness. 
A) scene identification. 
B) change perception. 
C) change blindness. 
D) change unawareness.

Question 18

Explain how stimulus-driven and expectation-driven processing contribute to the effect that priming has on attention.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus-driven processing refers to the

Question 19

Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it.Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task?

Accepted Answer

A) viewing a series of printed words,followed by a test measuring memory for the words 
B) simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded message,followed by a test measuring memory for the gist of the second message 
C) simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded list of words,followed by a test measuring memory for the word list 
D) viewing a series of pictures,followed by a test measuring memory for the pictures 
A) viewing a series of printed words,followed by a test measuring memory for the words 
B) simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded message,followed by a test measuring memory for the gist of the second message 
C) simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded list of words,followed by a test measuring memory for the word list 
D) viewing a series of pictures,followed by a test measuring memory for the pictures

Question 20

A primary difference between early and late selection hypotheses is that in the early selection models,selection of stimuli

Accepted Answer

A) is based on modality. 
B) occurs just before the stimuli reach consciousness. 
C) is indiscriminate. 
D) happens soon after the stimuli arrive. 
A) is based on modality. 
B) occurs just before the stimuli reach consciousness. 
C) is indiscriminate. 
D) happens soon after the stimuli arrive.

When listening to two streams of conversation,the task of shadowing involves

Is attention space-based or object-based? Include evidence from patients with unilateral neglect in your answer.

Participants are shown pictures of two alternating scenes that are separated by a brief blank interval.The scenes are identical except for one small detail.In this case,participants find it hard to detect the change.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fact that

Some researchers have compared visual attention to a searchlight beam sweeping across the visual field.Which of the following claims about this beam is NOT currently supported by evidence?

Priming based on specific expectations about the identity of the upcoming stimulus produces

In dichotic listening experiments,some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participant's intention to ignore the message.Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through?

Different forms of priming can be distinguished in several ways.For example,the effects of priming can be observed almost immediately after the relevant cue is provided;in contrast,the effects of priming require a half-second or so to appear after the relevant cue.

Ada recently joined a running club and completed her first 5-mile run.After the run,she has no recall of what she read in her cognition textbook earlier because she is thinking about how sore her legs are.This is a real-world example of

Landry is discussing summer plans with a friend at a busy restaurant.He suddenly notices that someone at a nearby table has mentioned his name,and he shifts his attention to the conversation at that other table.Which of the following is the term often used to describe this experience?

Stroop interference demonstrates that

In which of the following situations would we expect the fastest response time?

Sadiq has a significantly difficult time sustaining attention and completing projects that require sustained effort.These experiences are likely associated with functioning of what system?

In a study of spatial attention,participants are shown a neutral cue,a high-validity prime (correctly predicting the location of the target 80% of the time),or a misleading cue to prime the location of an upcoming target.Which of the following statements is true?

All of the following statements regarding stimulus- and expectation-based priming are true EXCEPT

Participants are instructed to fixate on a point on a computer screen but to attend to,and report on,a "+" sign that appears off to one side for 180 ms.After several trials,the fixation point is unexpectedly replaced by a new shape,but the participants do not notice this change.This is a study of

Explain how stimulus-driven and expectation-driven processing contribute to the effect that priming has on attention.

Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it.Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task?

A primary difference between early and late selection hypotheses is that in the early selection models,selection of stimuli

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 5: Paying Attention

When listening to two streams of conversation,the task of shadowing involves

Is attention space-based or object-based? Include evidence from patients with unilateral neglect in your answer.

Participants are shown pictures of two alternating scenes that are separated by a brief blank interval.The scenes are identical except for one small detail.In this case,participants find it hard to detect the change.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fact that

Some researchers have compared visual attention to a searchlight beam sweeping across the visual field.Which of the following claims about this beam is NOT currently supported by evidence?

Priming based on specific expectations about the identity of the upcoming stimulus produces

In dichotic listening experiments,some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participant's intention to ignore the message.Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through?

Different forms of priming can be distinguished in several ways.For example,the effects of ________ priming can be observed almost immediately after the relevant cue is provided;in contrast,the effects of ________ priming require a half-second or so to appear after the relevant cue.

Ada recently joined a running club and completed her first 5-mile run.After the run,she has no recall of what she read in her cognition textbook earlier because she is thinking about how sore her legs are.This is a real-world example of

Landry is discussing summer plans with a friend at a busy restaurant.He suddenly notices that someone at a nearby table has mentioned his name,and he shifts his attention to the conversation at that other table.Which of the following is the term often used to describe this experience?

Stroop interference demonstrates that

In which of the following situations would we expect the fastest response time?

Sadiq has a significantly difficult time sustaining attention and completing projects that require sustained effort.These experiences are likely associated with functioning of what system?

In a study of spatial attention,participants are shown a neutral cue,a high-validity prime (correctly predicting the location of the target 80% of the time),or a misleading cue to prime the location of an upcoming target.Which of the following statements is true?

All of the following statements regarding stimulus- and expectation-based priming are true EXCEPT

Participants are instructed to fixate on a point on a computer screen but to attend to,and report on,a "+" sign that appears off to one side for 180 ms.After several trials,the fixation point is unexpectedly replaced by a new shape,but the participants do not notice this change.This is a study of

Explain how stimulus-driven and expectation-driven processing contribute to the effect that priming has on attention.

Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it.Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task?

A primary difference between early and late selection hypotheses is that in the early selection models,selection of stimuli

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Different forms of priming can be distinguished in several ways.For example,the effects of priming can be observed almost immediately after the relevant cue is provided;in contrast,the effects of priming require a half-second or so to appear after the relevant cue.