Question 1

According to a parallel distributed processing (PDP)model,how is the fact "Neil Armstrong was an astronaut" represented in the mind?

Accepted Answer

A) Neurons that represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut are connected via a synaptic junction. 
B) Nodes representing Neil Armstrong and astronaut are in close proximity to one another. 
C) Patterns of connections among many nodes separately represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut,and through learning these patterns have become linked to each other. 
D) A single node representing Neil Armstrong is connected via a proposition to the word "astronaut." 
A) Neurons that represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut are connected via a synaptic junction. 
B) Nodes representing Neil Armstrong and astronaut are in close proximity to one another. 
C) Patterns of connections among many nodes separately represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut,and through learning these patterns have become linked to each other. 
D) A single node representing Neil Armstrong is connected via a proposition to the word "astronaut." C

Question 2

Propositional networks assume that knowledge is ________;however,other theorists propose that knowledge is actually ________.

Accepted Answer

A) stored by a local representation;distributed 
B) likely contained within a single node;represented through connections among nodes 
C) distributed;localized 
D) distributed;constantly changing 
A) stored by a local representation;distributed 
B) likely contained within a single node;represented through connections among nodes 
C) distributed;localized 
D) distributed;constantly changing A

Question 3

Collins and Quillian (1969)suggest that information about mental categories is organized

Accepted Answer

A) in vertical patterns. 
B) through basic-level information. 
C) in a hierarchy. 
D) through a distributed representation. 
A) in vertical patterns. 
B) through basic-level information. 
C) in a hierarchy. 
D) through a distributed representation. C

Question 4

In Trial 18 of a sentence verification task,participants see the sentence "A robin is a bird." In Trial 42 they see "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory,we should expect faster responses to

Accepted Answer

A) "robin" because participants more readily see the resemblance between "robin" and the bird prototype. 
B) "penguin" because penguins are a unique bird and thus easily identified. 
C) "robin" because it is a shorter word. 
D) "penguin" because of response priming. 
A) "robin" because participants more readily see the resemblance between "robin" and the bird prototype. 
B) "penguin" because penguins are a unique bird and thus easily identified. 
C) "robin" because it is a shorter word. 
D) "penguin" because of response priming.

Question 5

Previous knowledge facilitates categorization in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A) It allows new categories to be learned more rapidly. 
B) It becomes unnecessary to compare previous examples to the current situation. 
C) It makes the formation of abstract categories possible. 
D) It ensures that categorization will be accurate. 
A) It allows new categories to be learned more rapidly. 
B) It becomes unnecessary to compare previous examples to the current situation. 
C) It makes the formation of abstract categories possible. 
D) It ensures that categorization will be accurate.

Question 6

If asked to name as many birds as they can,participants are most likely to name

Accepted Answer

A) larger birds (e.g. ,hawk,owl). 
B) distinctive birds (e.g. ,vulture,penguin). 
C) birds associated with other familiar concepts (e.g. ,turkey,bald eagle). 
D) birds resembling the prototype (e.g. ,robin,sparrow). 
A) larger birds (e.g. ,hawk,owl). 
B) distinctive birds (e.g. ,vulture,penguin). 
C) birds associated with other familiar concepts (e.g. ,turkey,bald eagle). 
D) birds resembling the prototype (e.g. ,robin,sparrow).

Question 7

Conceptual knowledge is impressive and likely contains

Accepted Answer

A) prototypes. 
B) exemplars. 
C) beliefs. 
D) All of the answer options are correct. 
A) prototypes. 
B) exemplars. 
C) beliefs. 
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Question 8

Imagine that you mistakenly believe that Marie Antoinette was the queen of Austria.You learn later that she was the queen of France.How will this adjustment in knowledge be represented in a parallel distributed processing (PDP)model?

Accepted Answer

A) The connection between Marie Antoinette and Austria will be erased,and a new connection with France will replace it. 
B) The connection between Austria and France will be broken. 
C) The connection between Marie Antoinette and France will become stronger. 
D) The connection between Austria and France will become stronger. 
A) The connection between Marie Antoinette and Austria will be erased,and a new connection with France will replace it. 
B) The connection between Austria and France will be broken. 
C) The connection between Marie Antoinette and France will become stronger. 
D) The connection between Austria and France will become stronger.

Question 9

Matt is 5 years old and loves learning about animals.If asked,"Could you turn a skunk into a raccoon?" Matt would most likely say that

Accepted Answer

A) no matter how you changed a skunk's behavior or appearance,it would still be a skunk and not a raccoon. 
B) it is behavior that matters for category identity,so if a skunk learned to act like a raccoon,it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
C) it is appearance that matters for category identity,so if a skunk were altered to look like a raccoon,it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
D) it is the combination of behavior and appearance that matters for category identity,so both attributes would have to be changed to turn one organism into another. 
A) no matter how you changed a skunk's behavior or appearance,it would still be a skunk and not a raccoon. 
B) it is behavior that matters for category identity,so if a skunk learned to act like a raccoon,it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
C) it is appearance that matters for category identity,so if a skunk were altered to look like a raccoon,it would count as a genuine raccoon. 
D) it is the combination of behavior and appearance that matters for category identity,so both attributes would have to be changed to turn one organism into another.

Question 10

Typicality is often used to determine category membership,but not always.Provide an example of an object that is typical of a category but does not belong to the category.Using the ideas described in the book,explain why it would not be included in the category despite its similarity to other category members.

Accepted Answer

An example of an object that is typical

Question 11

A proposition is generally defined as

Accepted Answer

A) a node in a knowledge network. 
B) the smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false. 
C) the smallest unit of knowledge that is stored. 
D) the organizational structure of semantic knowledge in memory. 
A) a node in a knowledge network. 
B) the smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false. 
C) the smallest unit of knowledge that is stored. 
D) the organizational structure of semantic knowledge in memory.

Question 12

Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe,which influences her ability to categorize efficiently.Which of the following is most likely to describe the problems that Maxine will face?

Accepted Answer

A) She will not be able to categorize objects ever again. 
B) She will lose the ability to identify members of some categories,but other categories will remain unaffected. 
C) She will be able to name objects but not be able to describe what the function of the object is. 
D) She will be able to recognize dogs but not be able to identify individual dogs ("oh,that's Dan's dog,Milo"). 
A) She will not be able to categorize objects ever again. 
B) She will lose the ability to identify members of some categories,but other categories will remain unaffected. 
C) She will be able to name objects but not be able to describe what the function of the object is. 
D) She will be able to recognize dogs but not be able to identify individual dogs ("oh,that's Dan's dog,Milo").

Question 13

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon,while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money.What does this say about categorization?

Accepted Answer

A) Psychologists will never understand categorization. 
B) Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone. 
C) Category membership is based on previously encountered examples. 
D) Prototype theory is the most accurate theory of categorization. 
A) Psychologists will never understand categorization. 
B) Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone. 
C) Category membership is based on previously encountered examples. 
D) Prototype theory is the most accurate theory of categorization.

Question 14

When compared to the statement "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for "A bird is an animal" will be

Accepted Answer

A) faster. 
B) slower. 
C) equal. 
D) unknown;there is not enough information to make a decision. 
A) faster. 
B) slower. 
C) equal. 
D) unknown;there is not enough information to make a decision.

Question 15

The claim that mental categories have graded membership is most compatible with which of the following claims?

Accepted Answer

A) "It's really hard to be sure if Milo is a dog or not." 
B) "Some dogs are 'doggier' than others." 
C) "I used to think tomatoes were a vegetable,but I've now learned the truth." 
D) "Many people think the Bible is the greatest book ever written." 
A) "It's really hard to be sure if Milo is a dog or not." 
B) "Some dogs are 'doggier' than others." 
C) "I used to think tomatoes were a vegetable,but I've now learned the truth." 
D) "Many people think the Bible is the greatest book ever written."

Question 16

The term "connection weights" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A) number of nodes. 
B) direction of the connections between nodes. 
C) strength of connections between nodes. 
D) number of connections between nodes. 
A) number of nodes. 
B) direction of the connections between nodes. 
C) strength of connections between nodes. 
D) number of connections between nodes.

Question 17

Basic-level categories have which of the following traits?

Accepted Answer

A) If asked to describe an object,participants are not likely to use the basic-level term. 
B) Basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word. 
C) Basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions. 
D) Basic-level terms are acquired by children at an older age than either more specific or more general terms. 
A) If asked to describe an object,participants are not likely to use the basic-level term. 
B) Basic-level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word. 
C) Basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions. 
D) Basic-level terms are acquired by children at an older age than either more specific or more general terms.

Question 18

According to prototype theory,the mental representation for each concept

Accepted Answer

A) is likely to represent an average or ideal for the category's members. 
B) specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership. 
C) is located on the boundary of the category. 
D) lists the perceptual features that are found only in that category. 
A) is likely to represent an average or ideal for the category's members. 
B) specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership. 
C) is located on the boundary of the category. 
D) lists the perceptual features that are found only in that category.

Question 19

Collins and Quillian proposed that conceptual knowledge is represented in the mind through a hierarchy of concepts.In their model,the property "eats food" would be stored

Accepted Answer

A) at a high level,linked to the node within the network that represents all things that eat. 
B) in a propositional format. 
C) many times,linked to the node for each of the creatures that eats. 
D) through a distributed representation. 
A) at a high level,linked to the node within the network that represents all things that eat. 
B) in a propositional format. 
C) many times,linked to the node for each of the creatures that eats. 
D) through a distributed representation.

Question 20

It seems unlikely that mental definitions are used to represent our conceptual knowledge because

Accepted Answer

A) each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined. 
B) many of our abstract concepts (e.g. ,justice,love,God)are difficult to define. 
C) it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition. 
D) most of our concepts are difficult to express in words. 
A) each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined. 
B) many of our abstract concepts (e.g. ,justice,love,God)are difficult to define. 
C) it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition. 
D) most of our concepts are difficult to express in words.

According to a parallel distributed processing (PDP)model,how is the fact "Neil Armstrong was an astronaut" represented in the mind?

Propositional networks assume that knowledge is ;however,other theorists propose that knowledge is actually .

Collins and Quillian (1969)suggest that information about mental categories is organized

In Trial 18 of a sentence verification task,participants see the sentence "A robin is a bird." In Trial 42 they see "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory,we should expect faster responses to

Previous knowledge facilitates categorization in which of the following ways?

If asked to name as many birds as they can,participants are most likely to name

Conceptual knowledge is impressive and likely contains

Imagine that you mistakenly believe that Marie Antoinette was the queen of Austria.You learn later that she was the queen of France.How will this adjustment in knowledge be represented in a parallel distributed processing (PDP)model?

Matt is 5 years old and loves learning about animals.If asked,"Could you turn a skunk into a raccoon?" Matt would most likely say that

A proposition is generally defined as

Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe,which influences her ability to categorize efficiently.Which of the following is most likely to describe the problems that Maxine will face?

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon,while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money.What does this say about categorization?

When compared to the statement "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for "A bird is an animal" will be

The claim that mental categories have graded membership is most compatible with which of the following claims?

The term "connection weights" refers to the

Basic-level categories have which of the following traits?

According to prototype theory,the mental representation for each concept

Collins and Quillian proposed that conceptual knowledge is represented in the mind through a hierarchy of concepts.In their model,the property "eats food" would be stored

It seems unlikely that mental definitions are used to represent our conceptual knowledge because

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge

According to a parallel distributed processing (PDP)model,how is the fact "Neil Armstrong was an astronaut" represented in the mind?

Propositional networks assume that knowledge is ________;however,other theorists propose that knowledge is actually ________.

Collins and Quillian (1969)suggest that information about mental categories is organized

In Trial 18 of a sentence verification task,participants see the sentence "A robin is a bird." In Trial 42 they see "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory,we should expect faster responses to

Previous knowledge facilitates categorization in which of the following ways?

If asked to name as many birds as they can,participants are most likely to name

Conceptual knowledge is impressive and likely contains

Imagine that you mistakenly believe that Marie Antoinette was the queen of Austria.You learn later that she was the queen of France.How will this adjustment in knowledge be represented in a parallel distributed processing (PDP)model?

Matt is 5 years old and loves learning about animals.If asked,"Could you turn a skunk into a raccoon?" Matt would most likely say that

A proposition is generally defined as

Maxine has sustained brain damage to her left temporal lobe,which influences her ability to categorize efficiently.Which of the following is most likely to describe the problems that Maxine will face?

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon,while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money.What does this say about categorization?

When compared to the statement "A canary is an animal," the reaction time for "A bird is an animal" will be

The claim that mental categories have graded membership is most compatible with which of the following claims?

The term "connection weights" refers to the

Basic-level categories have which of the following traits?

According to prototype theory,the mental representation for each concept

Collins and Quillian proposed that conceptual knowledge is represented in the mind through a hierarchy of concepts.In their model,the property "eats food" would be stored

It seems unlikely that mental definitions are used to represent our conceptual knowledge because

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Propositional networks assume that knowledge is ;however,other theorists propose that knowledge is actually .