Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by practicing a task?

Accepted Answer

A) Only one overall routine needs to be launched instead of several steps in order to complete a task. 
B) Each step in the task no longer needs to be monitored to decide when to start the next step. 
C) The task can be completed without the need to pay attention,so that attention can be allocated elsewhere. 
D) Practice allows the mechanics behind the task to enter conscious awareness. 
A) Only one overall routine needs to be launched instead of several steps in order to complete a task. 
B) Each step in the task no longer needs to be monitored to decide when to start the next step. 
C) The task can be completed without the need to pay attention,so that attention can be allocated elsewhere. 
D) Practice allows the mechanics behind the task to enter conscious awareness. D

Question 2

Which of the following is LEAST plausible as a benefit of the neuronal workspace?

Accepted Answer

A) It allows us to think of a stimulus or idea long after the trigger for it has been removed. 
B) It breaks down a unitary experience into its separate components. 
C) It allows us to detect conflicts if two stimuli are leading toward different and incompatible responses or if the elicited response from a stimulus is incompatible with our goals. 
D) It allows us to compare neural systems in order to produce new combinations of ideas or novel behaviors. 
A) It allows us to think of a stimulus or idea long after the trigger for it has been removed. 
B) It breaks down a unitary experience into its separate components. 
C) It allows us to detect conflicts if two stimuli are leading toward different and incompatible responses or if the elicited response from a stimulus is incompatible with our goals. 
D) It allows us to compare neural systems in order to produce new combinations of ideas or novel behaviors. B

Question 3

In the neuronal workspace hypothesis,workspace neurons

Accepted Answer

A) carry the content (or information)of consciousness. 
B) dictate the rate at which neurons fire. 
C) glue together bits of information from different neural systems to create a unified experience. 
D) detect neural systems that are firing in a fashion that is out of synchrony with each other. 
A) carry the content (or information)of consciousness. 
B) dictate the rate at which neurons fire. 
C) glue together bits of information from different neural systems to create a unified experience. 
D) detect neural systems that are firing in a fashion that is out of synchrony with each other. C

Question 4

The term "neural correlates of consciousness" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A) changes in the brain that occur when we become conscious of a stimulus. 
B) subjective experience of how it feels to become conscious of a stimulus. 
C) area of the brain that is damaged when a person experiences blind sight. 
D) electrical activity in the brain that occurs when we are unconscious. 
A) changes in the brain that occur when we become conscious of a stimulus. 
B) subjective experience of how it feels to become conscious of a stimulus. 
C) area of the brain that is damaged when a person experiences blind sight. 
D) electrical activity in the brain that occurs when we are unconscious.

Question 5

In order to detect that a red shape is moving,it is likely that

Accepted Answer

A) the neural system detecting motion and the neural system detecting the color red must both fire in synchrony. 
B) only the neural system detecting the color red is firing,as motion is automatically detected. 
C) only the neural system detecting motion is firing,as motion is visually more salient than color. 
D) the neural system detecting motion and the neural system detecting the color red are both firing but at an asynchronous rate. 
A) the neural system detecting motion and the neural system detecting the color red must both fire in synchrony. 
B) only the neural system detecting the color red is firing,as motion is automatically detected. 
C) only the neural system detecting motion is firing,as motion is visually more salient than color. 
D) the neural system detecting motion and the neural system detecting the color red are both firing but at an asynchronous rate.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the role of the neuronal workspace is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) The workspace links other active areas of the brain,allowing for the "executive" to make decisions about current processing. 
B) The workspace allows the executive to detect conflict that may arise from competing demands or goals. 
C) It allows you to create new ideas and rise above habit. 
D) It prevents activity from occurring in multiple areas of the brain,to avoid confusion. 
A) The workspace links other active areas of the brain,allowing for the "executive" to make decisions about current processing. 
B) The workspace allows the executive to detect conflict that may arise from competing demands or goals. 
C) It allows you to create new ideas and rise above habit. 
D) It prevents activity from occurring in multiple areas of the brain,to avoid confusion.

Question 7

Which of the following claims about consciousness and memory seems to be FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) It is the nature and quality of our conscious experience that persuades us to take information seriously. 
B) Outside of laboratory circumstances,we are unlikely to be influenced by the workings of implicit memory. 
C) When our conscious experience is rich and detailed,this persuades us that the presented information is more than a fantasy or chance association. 
D) When our conscious experience is impoverished,we tend not to take action based on the information gained from that experience. 
A) It is the nature and quality of our conscious experience that persuades us to take information seriously. 
B) Outside of laboratory circumstances,we are unlikely to be influenced by the workings of implicit memory. 
C) When our conscious experience is rich and detailed,this persuades us that the presented information is more than a fantasy or chance association. 
D) When our conscious experience is impoverished,we tend not to take action based on the information gained from that experience.

Question 8

Blind-sight patients seem able to make many visual discriminations and,when pressed,to locate objects in their visual environment.Yet these same patients often refuse to walk across a room because they are concerned that they will bump into something.The text suggests that blind-sight patients

Accepted Answer

A) are able to make discriminations only when the stimuli are particularly clear. 
B) can make discriminations only in controlled laboratory conditions. 
C) do not feel they have a reason or justification for using the information that is apparently available to them. 
D) tend to rely on routine rather than use the information that is apparently available to them. 
A) are able to make discriminations only when the stimuli are particularly clear. 
B) can make discriminations only in controlled laboratory conditions. 
C) do not feel they have a reason or justification for using the information that is apparently available to them. 
D) tend to rely on routine rather than use the information that is apparently available to them.

Question 9

Which of these is the best example of an action slip?

Accepted Answer

A) Darren was distracted and so took his usual route home from work instead of turning left,as he'd intended,to go to his friend's house. 
B) David mistakenly pushed over a vase of flowers when he was reaching for his keys. 
C) Daniel did not check the address of his dentist,as he mistakenly believed he remembered it correctly. 
D) Derek reread the paragraph to make sure that he fully understood its content,even though he did not learn anything new from this second reading. 
A) Darren was distracted and so took his usual route home from work instead of turning left,as he'd intended,to go to his friend's house. 
B) David mistakenly pushed over a vase of flowers when he was reaching for his keys. 
C) Daniel did not check the address of his dentist,as he mistakenly believed he remembered it correctly. 
D) Derek reread the paragraph to make sure that he fully understood its content,even though he did not learn anything new from this second reading.

Question 10

Which of the following brain structures seems to be especially important for conflict detection in the neuronal workspace?

Accepted Answer

A) thalamus 
B) hippocampus 
C) amygdala 
D) anterior cingulate cortex (AC
C)  
A) thalamus 
B) hippocampus 
C) amygdala 
D) anterior cingulate cortex (AC
C)

Question 11

Explain the concept of a "neuronal workspace" as it relates to consciousness.What is the proposal,and how does it explain some of the apparent functions of consciousness?

Accepted Answer

The concept of a "neuronal workspace" re

Question 12

In which of the following situations would reliance on routine most benefit performance?

Accepted Answer

A) When you're performing a task that is familiar and involves few decisions. 
B) When you're performing a brand new,unfamiliar task. 
C) When you're performing a task that requires frequent choices and adjustments. 
D) When you're performing a task for which a routine is available but the current circumstances are ones in which it would be best to avoid the habitual routine. 
A) When you're performing a task that is familiar and involves few decisions. 
B) When you're performing a brand new,unfamiliar task. 
C) When you're performing a task that requires frequent choices and adjustments. 
D) When you're performing a task for which a routine is available but the current circumstances are ones in which it would be best to avoid the habitual routine.

Question 13

Which of the following is a way in which the neuronal workspace supports metacognition?

Accepted Answer

A) The workspace enables the individual to maintain mental representations in an active state for prolonged periods of time. 
B) The workspace can shift the executive's attention to more relevant information. 
C) The workspace will shift attention to material that is more or less fluent depending on one's goals. 
D) The workspace is selective in that it will integrate information that has yet to be learned or is not as well remembered. 
A) The workspace enables the individual to maintain mental representations in an active state for prolonged periods of time. 
B) The workspace can shift the executive's attention to more relevant information. 
C) The workspace will shift attention to material that is more or less fluent depending on one's goals. 
D) The workspace is selective in that it will integrate information that has yet to be learned or is not as well remembered.

Question 14

________ refers to one's ability to monitor or control one's own mental processes.

Accepted Answer

A) Metacognition 
B) Metabolism 
C) Cognitive effort 
D) Mental control 
A) Metacognition 
B) Metabolism 
C) Cognitive effort 
D) Mental control

Question 15

Patients afflicted with blind sight insist that they are blind and behave accordingly (e.g. ,they fail to react to visual stimuli).Nevertheless,they do appear to perceive stimuli and will,for example,reach in the correct region of space for an object that they otherwise claim not to be able to see.What do instances like this suggest about the role of consciousness as it relates to behavior? Provide another example of cognition in healthy individuals that supports this role.

Accepted Answer

Instances like blind sight suggest that

Question 16

Participants will demonstrate a larger N400 brain wave when they perceive something that violates their expectations.Based on this,which of the following would be the strongest evidence for subliminal perception?

Accepted Answer

A) a large N400 after reading the phrase "The old man the boat" in a book 
B) a large N400 after overhearing someone say,"It was a wonderful disaster" 
C) a large N400 after "Don't eat popcorn" is flashed on screen at the theater during a movie scene 
D) a large N400 after seeing a magic trick 
A) a large N400 after reading the phrase "The old man the boat" in a book 
B) a large N400 after overhearing someone say,"It was a wonderful disaster" 
C) a large N400 after "Don't eat popcorn" is flashed on screen at the theater during a movie scene 
D) a large N400 after seeing a magic trick

Question 17

In one study,participants in Group 1 were given a pill and told,"This pill will make you a bit jumpy,will make your palms sweat,and may give you butterflies in your stomach." Participants in Group 2 were given the same pill,but they were told,"This pill may make you a little sleepy." In both cases,the pill was a placebo and actually had no effect.All participants were then exposed to electric shocks and were asked to rate how painful each shock had seemed.Given other evidence,we would expect that

Accepted Answer

A) there would be no difference between the two groups. 
B) the participants would not differ in how they rated the shocks,but participants in Group 2 would end up having more positive feelings about the experiment. 
C) the participants in Group 2 would rate the shocks as less painful than the participants in Group 1. 
D) the participants in Group 1 would rate the shocks as less painful than the participants in Group 2. 
A) there would be no difference between the two groups. 
B) the participants would not differ in how they rated the shocks,but participants in Group 2 would end up having more positive feelings about the experiment. 
C) the participants in Group 2 would rate the shocks as less painful than the participants in Group 1. 
D) the participants in Group 1 would rate the shocks as less painful than the participants in Group 2.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by relying on routine?

Accepted Answer

A) Mental tasks run more quickly. 
B) We can focus attention on other aspects of a task,thus improving performance. 
C) We can expend less effort in deciding how to execute a task. 
D) We can consider each decision with greater care. 
A) Mental tasks run more quickly. 
B) We can focus attention on other aspects of a task,thus improving performance. 
C) We can expend less effort in deciding how to execute a task. 
D) We can consider each decision with greater care.

Question 19

The phrase "memory without awareness" is another way of describing a pattern in which

Accepted Answer

A) explicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event,but implicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember it. 
B) implicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event,but explicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember it. 
C) recognition tests indicate that participants remember an event,but recall tests indicate that they do not remember it. 
D) direct memory testing indicates that participants remember an event,but indirect testing indicates that they do not remember it. 
A) explicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event,but implicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember it. 
B) implicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event,but explicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember it. 
C) recognition tests indicate that participants remember an event,but recall tests indicate that they do not remember it. 
D) direct memory testing indicates that participants remember an event,but indirect testing indicates that they do not remember it.

Question 20

There is some suggestion that perceptual information has to be conscious before a person will put that information to use.This suggestion is supported by the observation that

Accepted Answer

A) blind-sight patients refuse to take action based on what they can apparently see. 
B) blind-sight patients perform reasonably well in some tasks that require visual perception. 
C) patients with amnesia make guesses about the past,even if not prompted. 
D) people who are well-practiced in a task can perform the task without thinking about it. 
A) blind-sight patients refuse to take action based on what they can apparently see. 
B) blind-sight patients perform reasonably well in some tasks that require visual perception. 
C) patients with amnesia make guesses about the past,even if not prompted. 
D) people who are well-practiced in a task can perform the task without thinking about it.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by practicing a task?

Which of the following is LEAST plausible as a benefit of the neuronal workspace?

In the neuronal workspace hypothesis,workspace neurons

The term "neural correlates of consciousness" refers to the

In order to detect that a red shape is moving,it is likely that

Which of the following statements about the role of the neuronal workspace is FALSE?

Which of the following claims about consciousness and memory seems to be FALSE?

Blind-sight patients seem able to make many visual discriminations and,when pressed,to locate objects in their visual environment.Yet these same patients often refuse to walk across a room because they are concerned that they will bump into something.The text suggests that blind-sight patients

Which of these is the best example of an action slip?

Which of the following brain structures seems to be especially important for conflict detection in the neuronal workspace?

Explain the concept of a "neuronal workspace" as it relates to consciousness.What is the proposal,and how does it explain some of the apparent functions of consciousness?

In which of the following situations would reliance on routine most benefit performance?

Which of the following is a way in which the neuronal workspace supports metacognition?

________ refers to one's ability to monitor or control one's own mental processes.

Participants will demonstrate a larger N400 brain wave when they perceive something that violates their expectations.Based on this,which of the following would be the strongest evidence for subliminal perception?

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by relying on routine?

The phrase "memory without awareness" is another way of describing a pattern in which

There is some suggestion that perceptual information has to be conscious before a person will put that information to use.This suggestion is supported by the observation that

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Filters

Exam 14: Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by practicing a task?

Which of the following is LEAST plausible as a benefit of the neuronal workspace?

In the neuronal workspace hypothesis,workspace neurons

The term "neural correlates of consciousness" refers to the

In order to detect that a red shape is moving,it is likely that

Which of the following statements about the role of the neuronal workspace is FALSE?

Which of the following claims about consciousness and memory seems to be FALSE?

Blind-sight patients seem able to make many visual discriminations and,when pressed,to locate objects in their visual environment.Yet these same patients often refuse to walk across a room because they are concerned that they will bump into something.The text suggests that blind-sight patients

Which of these is the best example of an action slip?

Which of the following brain structures seems to be especially important for conflict detection in the neuronal workspace?

Explain the concept of a "neuronal workspace" as it relates to consciousness.What is the proposal,and how does it explain some of the apparent functions of consciousness?

In which of the following situations would reliance on routine most benefit performance?

Which of the following is a way in which the neuronal workspace supports metacognition?

________ refers to one's ability to monitor or control one's own mental processes.

Participants will demonstrate a larger N400 brain wave when they perceive something that violates their expectations.Based on this,which of the following would be the strongest evidence for subliminal perception?

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by relying on routine?

The phrase "memory without awareness" is another way of describing a pattern in which

There is some suggestion that perceptual information has to be conscious before a person will put that information to use.This suggestion is supported by the observation that

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Filters