Question 1

Which of the following is not a possible explanation for the origin of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sequestered antigens 
B)  Forbidden clones 
C)  Molecular mimicry 
D)  The gut microbiome 
E)  All the choices are currently being investigated as possible explanations. 
A)  Sequestered antigens 
B)  Forbidden clones 
C)  Molecular mimicry 
D)  The gut microbiome 
E)  All the choices are currently being investigated as possible explanations.

Question 2

The allergen in poison ivy plants is an oil called urushiol.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

John,a Peace Corps worker in the country of Mali in Africa,was in a car accident while traveling through a rural area.He was treated at a tiny rural hospital,and due to his loss of blood,he required a transfusion.John has B- blood type and has never received a transfusion before.Which statement is correct regarding this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  He can be given types O or B, no matter whether Rh- or Rh+. At this point in time, he does not have anti-Rh antibody. O has no antigens on the blood cells, so he is also safe to receive that type in addition to his own B type. 
B)  He can safely receive O- blood even though he makes anti-A antibodies. 
C)  He can be given A+ blood type in addition to B+. Rh- means that he makes no antibody to Rh. 
D)  The preferred blood type to give John, in addition to his own B type blood, would be AB. Both types of blood have the B antigen on the cells, so they would correspond to his own antigens. As for Rh, he can receive only Rh- blood since he would have a reaction against Rh+. 
A)  He can be given types O or B, no matter whether Rh- or Rh+. At this point in time, he does not have anti-Rh antibody. O has no antigens on the blood cells, so he is also safe to receive that type in addition to his own B type. 
B)  He can safely receive O- blood even though he makes anti-A antibodies. 
C)  He can be given A+ blood type in addition to B+. Rh- means that he makes no antibody to Rh. 
D)  The preferred blood type to give John, in addition to his own B type blood, would be AB. Both types of blood have the B antigen on the cells, so they would correspond to his own antigens. As for Rh, he can receive only Rh- blood since he would have a reaction against Rh+.

Question 4

A xenograft is graft tissue from a donor of one species transplanted to a recipient of another species.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Many men make antibodies to sperm, resulting in destruction of sperm to the point of sterility. What would be the likely origin of this autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

A) 	T helper cells erroneously identify sperm cells as foreign invaders, triggering the T cytotoxic cells to start killing sperm. 
B) 	Since sperm are not made until after puberty, the immune system cannot scan the antigens on the sperm for immune tolerance. After sperm are made and the immune system sees them, they are recognized as foreign. 
C) 	Antigens on sperm cells are similar to antigens on a variety of bacteria like Streptococcus. After a strep throat caused by Streptococcus, the immune system produces antibodies to streptococcal antigens, which then cross react with sperm antigens and destroy them. 
D) 	These antibodies are produced as a result of mutations in T lymphocytes, causing them to make large amounts of antibody. 
A) 	T helper cells erroneously identify sperm cells as foreign invaders, triggering the T cytotoxic cells to start killing sperm. 
B) 	Since sperm are not made until after puberty, the immune system cannot scan the antigens on the sperm for immune tolerance. After sperm are made and the immune system sees them, they are recognized as foreign. 
C) 	Antigens on sperm cells are similar to antigens on a variety of bacteria like Streptococcus. After a strep throat caused by Streptococcus, the immune system produces antibodies to streptococcal antigens, which then cross react with sperm antigens and destroy them. 
D) 	These antibodies are produced as a result of mutations in T lymphocytes, causing them to make large amounts of antibody.

Question 6

A female who is Rh-

Accepted Answer

A)  can never have an Rh+ baby. 
B)  is at risk for a pregnancy resulting in hemolytic disease of the newborn. 
C)  inherited two dominant genes. 
D)  is in the majority of the population with regard to Rh status. 
A)  can never have an Rh+ baby. 
B)  is at risk for a pregnancy resulting in hemolytic disease of the newborn. 
C)  inherited two dominant genes. 
D)  is in the majority of the population with regard to Rh status.

Question 7

Which type/s of hypersensitivities is IgG is involved with?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anaphylaxis 
B)  Antibody-mediated 
C)  Immune complex-mediated 
D)  Both anaphylaxis and antibody-mediated. 
E)  Both antibody-mediated and immune complex-mediated. 
A)  Anaphylaxis 
B)  Antibody-mediated 
C)  Immune complex-mediated 
D)  Both anaphylaxis and antibody-mediated. 
E)  Both antibody-mediated and immune complex-mediated.

Question 8

Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs)are due to

Accepted Answer

A)  autoantibodies. 
B)  failure of B-cell development and maturity. 
C)  congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland. 
D)  delayed hypersensitivity. 
E)  a genetic defect in the development of both T cells and B cells. 
A)  autoantibodies. 
B)  failure of B-cell development and maturity. 
C)  congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland. 
D)  delayed hypersensitivity. 
E)  a genetic defect in the development of both T cells and B cells.

Question 9

Allergic patients receiving small,controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitization 
B)  desensitization 
C)  degranulation 
D)  tissue matching 
A)  sensitization 
B)  desensitization 
C)  degranulation 
D)  tissue matching

Question 10

Predict why insect stings and medication injections more often provoke anaphylactic shock,as compared to other allergens found in food or in air.

Accepted Answer

A)  The allergens go directly into the blood in large amounts, compared to allergens entering the digestive tract or respiratory tract. 
B)  Chemicals from insects cause a combination of antibody types to be produced, resulting in much larger amounts of total antibody. 
C)  Histamine is overproduced as a result of injected chemicals. 
D)  Chemicals injected as medications cause problems in immune response, resulting in a reduced immune coverage. 
A)  The allergens go directly into the blood in large amounts, compared to allergens entering the digestive tract or respiratory tract. 
B)  Chemicals from insects cause a combination of antibody types to be produced, resulting in much larger amounts of total antibody. 
C)  Histamine is overproduced as a result of injected chemicals. 
D)  Chemicals injected as medications cause problems in immune response, resulting in a reduced immune coverage.

Question 11

Allergic rhinitis is also known as asthma.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Eczema is an autoimmune disorder.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Contact dermatitis involves

Accepted Answer

A)  a sensitizing and provocative dose. 
B)  an allergen entering the skin. 
C)  T lymphocytes secreting inflammatory cytokines. 
D)  the production of itchy papules and blisters. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  a sensitizing and provocative dose. 
B)  an allergen entering the skin. 
C)  T lymphocytes secreting inflammatory cytokines. 
D)  the production of itchy papules and blisters. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

All of the following are involved in type II hypersensitivity except ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  IgM 
B)  complement 
C)  foreign cells 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG 
A)  IgM 
B)  complement 
C)  foreign cells 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG

Question 15

Degranulation of mast cells leads to
A. decreased mucus production.
B. constriction of blood vessels.
C. lymph node swelling.
D. constricted bronchioles.

Accepted Answer

A.decreased mucus production.

Question 16

In systemic lupus erythematosis (called lupus),complexes of antibody and antigen form,and these immune complexes insert themselves into small blood vessels,joints,heart,and kidney,causing damage to the organ tissue.The course of the disease is unpredictable,with periods of illness alternating with remissions.How is lupus,a type III autoimmune disease,similar to the tuberculin reaction,a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both lupus and the tuberculin reaction utilize IgE in their mechanisms. 
B)  Both lupus and the tuberculin reaction are immediate hypersensitivities, occurring within a few hours. 
C)  Both lupus and the tuberculin reaction involve large amounts of antibody production. 
D)  The mechanism of both lupus and the tuberculin reaction involve large amounts of inflammatory chemicals released into tissue. 
A)  Both lupus and the tuberculin reaction utilize IgE in their mechanisms. 
B)  Both lupus and the tuberculin reaction are immediate hypersensitivities, occurring within a few hours. 
C)  Both lupus and the tuberculin reaction involve large amounts of antibody production. 
D)  The mechanism of both lupus and the tuberculin reaction involve large amounts of inflammatory chemicals released into tissue.

Question 17

The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  humoralpathology 
B)  hemopathology 
C)  epidemiology 
D)  immunopathology 
E)  histopathology 
A)  humoralpathology 
B)  hemopathology 
C)  epidemiology 
D)  immunopathology 
E)  histopathology

Question 18

You have dermatitis triggered by a particular material in your socks.Your feet are covered with a really itchy rash,which has developed blisters over the last day or so.You had first worn them 2 to 3 days ago,and you did not launder them after buying them at the store.Finding some antihistamine medication in your bathroom cabinet,you decide to take it to relieve the itching rash.Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The anti-histamine will have no effect because once a type I hypersensitivity kicks in, it will last for a few days. 
B)  The rash will go away because the antihistamine neutralizes the histamine chemicals coming from mast cells in your skin. 
C)  The anti-histamine will have no effect on the rash because histamine is not the chemical mediator in this hypersensitivity. 
D)  The antihistamine will make the rash worse because it reacts with chemicals release by the lymphocytes in your skin, exacerbating the situation. 
A)  The anti-histamine will have no effect because once a type I hypersensitivity kicks in, it will last for a few days. 
B)  The rash will go away because the antihistamine neutralizes the histamine chemicals coming from mast cells in your skin. 
C)  The anti-histamine will have no effect on the rash because histamine is not the chemical mediator in this hypersensitivity. 
D)  The antihistamine will make the rash worse because it reacts with chemicals release by the lymphocytes in your skin, exacerbating the situation.

Question 19

The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm,vascular permeability,and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  histamine 
B)  leukotriene 
C)  platelet-activating factor 
D)  serotonin 
E)  prostaglandin 
A)  histamine 
B)  leukotriene 
C)  platelet-activating factor 
D)  serotonin 
E)  prostaglandin

Question 20

Human blood types involve all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  MHC genes. 
B)  inheritance of two of three possible alleles. 
C)  ABO antigen markers. 
D)  genes that code for an enzyme that adds a terminal carbohydrate to RBC receptors. 
E)  genetically determined glycoprotein markers. 
A)  MHC genes. 
B)  inheritance of two of three possible alleles. 
C)  ABO antigen markers. 
D)  genes that code for an enzyme that adds a terminal carbohydrate to RBC receptors. 
E)  genetically determined glycoprotein markers.

Exam 16: Disorders in Immunity

Which of the following is not a possible explanation for the origin of autoimmune diseases?

The allergen in poison ivy plants is an oil called urushiol.

A xenograft is graft tissue from a donor of one species transplanted to a recipient of another species.

Many men make antibodies to sperm, resulting in destruction of sperm to the point of sterility. What would be the likely origin of this autoimmune disease?

A female who is Rh-

Which type/s of hypersensitivities is IgG is involved with?

Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs)are due to

Allergic patients receiving small,controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ______.

Predict why insect stings and medication injections more often provoke anaphylactic shock,as compared to other allergens found in food or in air.

Allergic rhinitis is also known as asthma.

Eczema is an autoimmune disorder.

Contact dermatitis involves

All of the following are involved in type II hypersensitivity except ______.

Degranulation of mast cells leads to A. decreased mucus production. B. constriction of blood vessels. C. lymph node swelling. D. constricted bronchioles.

The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ______.

The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm,vascular permeability,and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ______.

Human blood types involve all of the following except

The Main Themes of Microbiology

The Chemistry of Biology

Tools of the Laboratory: Methods for the Culturing of Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

An Introduction to the Viruses

Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life

Microbial Genetics

Genetic Engineering and Recombinant Dna

Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes

Antimicrobial Treatment

Microbe-Human Interactions: Health and Disease

Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Diagnosing Infections

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System

Microbes and the Environment

Applied Microbiology and Food and Water Safety

Filters

A female who is Rh^-